/**
 * This file is released into the public domain.
 *
 * Notice from author (Robert Harder, rob@iharder.net):
 *
 * "I have released this software into the Public Domain. That means you can do whatever you want with it. Really. You
 * don't have to match it up with any other open source license &em; just use it. You can rename the files, move the
 * Java packages, whatever you want. If your lawyers say you have to have a license, contact me, and I'll make a special
 * release to you under whatever reasonable license you desire: MIT, BSD, GPL, whatever."
 *
 */
package org.apache.activemq.artemis.utils;

import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

/**
 * <p>Encodes and decodes to and from Base64 notation.</p>
 * <p>Homepage: <a href="http://iharder.net/base64">http://iharder.net/base64</a>.</p>
 * <p>The <tt>options</tt> parameter, which appears in a few places, is used to pass
 * several pieces of information to the encoder. In the "higher level" methods such as
 * encodeBytes( bytes, options ) the options parameter can be used to indicate such
 * things as first gzipping the bytes before encoding them, not inserting linefeeds
 * (though that breaks strict Base64 compatibility), and encoding using the URL-safe
 * and Ordered dialects.</p>
 * <p>The constants defined in Base64 can be OR-ed together to combine options, so you
 * might make a call like this:</p>
 * <p>
 * <code>String encoded = Base64.encodeBytes( mybytes, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES );</code>
 * </p>
 * <p>to compress the data before encoding it and then making the output have no newline characters.</p>
 * <p>
 * Change Log:
 * </p>
 * <ul>
 * <li>v2.2.2 - Fixed encodeFileToFile and decodeFileToFile to use the
 * Base64.InputStream class to encode and decode on the fly which uses
 * less memory than encoding/decoding an entire file into memory before writing.</li>
 * <li>v2.2.1 - Fixed bug using URL_SAFE and ORDERED encodings. Fixed bug
 * when using very small files (~&lt; 40 bytes).</li>
 * <li>v2.2 - Added some helper methods for encoding/decoding directly from
 * one file to the next. Also added a main() method to support command line
 * encoding/decoding from one file to the next. Also added these Base64 dialects:
 * <ol>
 * <li>The default is RFC3548 format.</li>
 * <li>Calling Base64.setFormat(Base64.BASE64_FORMAT.URLSAFE_FORMAT) generates
 * URL and file name friendly format as described in Section 4 of RFC3548.
 * http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</li>
 * <li>Calling Base64.setFormat(Base64.BASE64_FORMAT.ORDERED_FORMAT) generates
 * URL and file name friendly format that preserves lexical ordering as described
 * in http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</li>
 * </ol>
 * Special thanks to Jim Kellerman at <a href="http://www.powerset.com/">http://www.powerset.com/</a>
 * for contributing the new Base64 dialects.
 * </li>
 * <li>v2.1 - Cleaned up javadoc comments and unused variables and methods. Added
 * some convenience methods for reading and writing to and from files.</li>
 * <li>v2.0.2 - Now specifies UTF-8 encoding in places where the code fails on systems
 * with other encodings (like EBCDIC).</li>
 * <li>v2.0.1 - Fixed an error when decoding a single byte, that is, when the
 * encoded data was a single byte.</li>
 * <li>v2.0 - I got rid of methods that used booleans to set options.
 * Now everything is more consolidated and cleaner. The code now detects
 * when data that's being decoded is gzip-compressed and will decompress it
 * automatically. Generally things are cleaner. You'll probably have to
 * change some method calls that you were making to support the new
 * options format (<tt>int</tt>s that you "OR" together).</li>
 * <li>v1.5.1 - Fixed bug when decompressing and decoding to a
 * byte[] using <tt>decode( String s, boolean gzipCompressed )</tt>.
 * Added the ability to "suspend" encoding in the Output Stream so
 * you can turn on and off the encoding if you need to embed base64
 * data in an otherwise "normal" stream (like an XML file).</li>
 * <li>v1.5 - Output stream pases on flush() command but doesn't do anything itself.
 * This helps when using GZIP streams.
 * Added the ability to GZip-compress objects before encoding them.</li>
 * <li>v1.4 - Added helper methods to read/write files.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.6 - Fixed OutputStream.flush() so that 'position' is reset.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.5 - Added flag to turn on and off line breaks. Fixed bug in input stream
 * where last buffer being read, if not completely full, was not returned.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.4 - Fixed when "improperly padded stream" error was thrown at the wrong time.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.3 - Fixed I/O streams which were totally messed up.</li>
 * </ul>
 * <p>
 * I am placing this code in the Public Domain. Do with it as you will.
 * This software comes with no guarantees or warranties but with
 * plenty of well-wishing instead!
 * Please visit <a href="http://iharder.net/base64">http://iharder.net/base64</a>
 * periodically to check for updates or to contribute improvements.
 * </p>
 */
public class Base64 {

   /* ********  P U B L I C   F I E L D S  ******** */

   /**
    * No options specified. Value is zero.
    */
   public static final int NO_OPTIONS = 0;

   /**
    * Specify encoding.
    */
   public static final int ENCODE = 1;

   /**
    * Specify decoding.
    */
   public static final int DECODE = 0;

   /**
    * Specify that data should be gzip-compressed.
    */
   public static final int GZIP = 2;

   /**
    * Don't break lines when encoding (violates strict Base64 specification)
    */
   public static final int DONT_BREAK_LINES = 8;

   /**
    * Encode using Base64-like encoding that is URL- and Filename-safe as described
    * in Section 4 of RFC3548:
    * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</a>.
    * It is important to note that data encoded this way is <em>not</em> officially valid Base64,
    * or at the very least should not be called Base64 without also specifying that is
    * was encoded using the URL- and Filename-safe dialect.
    */
   public static final int URL_SAFE = 16;

   /**
    * Encode using the special "ordered" dialect of Base64 described here:
    * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html">http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</a>.
    */
   public static final int ORDERED = 32;

   /* ********  P R I V A T E   F I E L D S  ******** */

   /**
    * Maximum line length (76) of Base64 output.
    */
   private static final int MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 76;

   /**
    * The equals sign (=) as a byte.
    */
   private static final byte EQUALS_SIGN = (byte) '=';

   /**
    * The new line character (\n) as a byte.
    */
   private static final byte NEW_LINE = (byte) '\n';

   /**
    * Preferred encoding.
    */
   private static final Charset PREFERRED_ENCODING = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;

   // I think I end up not using the BAD_ENCODING indicator.
   // private final static byte BAD_ENCODING = -9; // Indicates error in encoding
   private static final byte WHITE_SPACE_ENC = -5; // Indicates white space in encoding

   private static final byte EQUALS_SIGN_ENC = -1; // Indicates equals sign in encoding

   /* ********  S T A N D A R D   B A S E 6 4   A L P H A B E T  ******** */

   /**
    * The 64 valid Base64 values.
    */
   // private final static byte[] ALPHABET;
   /* Host platform me be something funny like EBCDIC, so we hardcode these values. */
   private static final byte[] _STANDARD_ALPHABET = {(byte) 'A', (byte) 'B', (byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G', (byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N', (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U', (byte) 'V', (byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z', (byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f', (byte) 'g', (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n', (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u', (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x', (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z', (byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4', (byte) '5', (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9', (byte) '+', (byte) '/'};

   /**
    * Translates a Base64 value to either its 6-bit reconstruction value
    * or a negative number indicating some other meaning.
    */
   private static final byte[] _STANDARD_DECODABET = {-9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 0 - 8
      -5, -5, // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
      -9, -9, // Decimal 11 - 12
      -5, // Whitespace: Carriage Return
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 14 - 26
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 27 - 31
      -5, // Whitespace: Space
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 33 - 42
      62, // Plus sign at decimal 43
      -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 44 - 46
      63, // Slash at decimal 47
      52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, // Numbers zero through nine
      -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 58 - 60
      -1, // Equals sign at decimal 61
      -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 62 - 64
      0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, // Letters 'A' through 'N'
      14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, // Letters 'O' through 'Z'
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 91 - 96
      26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, // Letters 'a' through 'm'
      39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, // Letters 'n' through 'z'
      -9, -9, -9, -9 // Decimal 123 - 126
   /*,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 127 - 139
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 140 - 152
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 153 - 165
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 166 - 178
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 179 - 191
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 192 - 204
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 205 - 217
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 218 - 230
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 231 - 243
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9         // Decimal 244 - 255 */};

   /* ********  U R L   S A F E   B A S E 6 4   A L P H A B E T  ******** */

   /**
    * Used in the URL- and Filename-safe dialect described in Section 4 of RFC3548:
    * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</a>.
    * Notice that the last two bytes become "hyphen" and "underscore" instead of "plus" and "slash."
    */
   private static final byte[] _URL_SAFE_ALPHABET = {(byte) 'A', (byte) 'B', (byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G', (byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N', (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U', (byte) 'V', (byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z', (byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f', (byte) 'g', (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n', (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u', (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x', (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z', (byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4', (byte) '5', (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9', (byte) '-', (byte) '_'};

   /**
    * Used in decoding URL- and Filename-safe dialects of Base64.
    */
   private static final byte[] _URL_SAFE_DECODABET = {-9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 0 - 8
      -5, -5, // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
      -9, -9, // Decimal 11 - 12
      -5, // Whitespace: Carriage Return
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 14 - 26
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 27 - 31
      -5, // Whitespace: Space
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 33 - 42
      -9, // Plus sign at decimal 43
      -9, // Decimal 44
      62, // Minus sign at decimal 45
      -9, // Decimal 46
      -9, // Slash at decimal 47
      52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, // Numbers zero through nine
      -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 58 - 60
      -1, // Equals sign at decimal 61
      -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 62 - 64
      0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, // Letters 'A' through 'N'
      14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, // Letters 'O' through 'Z'
      -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 91 - 94
      63, // Underscore at decimal 95
      -9, // Decimal 96
      26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, // Letters 'a' through 'm'
      39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, // Letters 'n' through 'z'
      -9, -9, -9, -9 // Decimal 123 - 126
   /*,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 127 - 139
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 140 - 152
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 153 - 165
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 166 - 178
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 179 - 191
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 192 - 204
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 205 - 217
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 218 - 230
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 231 - 243
   -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9         // Decimal 244 - 255 */};

   /* ********  O R D E R E D   B A S E 6 4   A L P H A B E T  ******** */

   /**
    * I don't get the point of this technique, but it is described here:
    * <a href="http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html">http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</a>.
    */
   private static final byte[] _ORDERED_ALPHABET = {(byte) '-', (byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4', (byte) '5', (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9', (byte) 'A', (byte) 'B', (byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G', (byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N', (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U', (byte) 'V', (byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z', (byte) '_', (byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f', (byte) 'g', (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n', (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u', (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x', (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z'};

   /**
    * Used in decoding the "ordered" dialect of Base64.
    */
   private static final byte[] _ORDERED_DECODABET = {-9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 0 - 8
      -5, -5, // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
      -9, -9, // Decimal 11 - 12
      -5, // Whitespace: Carriage Return
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 14 - 26
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 27 - 31
      -5, // Whitespace: Space
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 33 - 42
      -9, // Plus sign at decimal 43
      -9, // Decimal 44
      0, // Minus sign at decimal 45
      -9, // Decimal 46
      -9, // Slash at decimal 47
      1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, // Numbers zero through nine
      -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 58 - 60
      -1, // Equals sign at decimal 61
      -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 62 - 64
      11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, // Letters 'A' through 'M'
      24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, // Letters 'N' through 'Z'
      -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 91 - 94
      37, // Underscore at decimal 95
      -9, // Decimal 96
      38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, // Letters 'a' through 'm'
      51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, // Letters 'n' through 'z'
      -9, -9, -9, -9 // Decimal 123 - 126
   /*,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 127 - 139
     -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 140 - 152
     -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 153 - 165
     -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 166 - 178
     -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 179 - 191
     -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 192 - 204
     -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 205 - 217
     -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 218 - 230
     -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 231 - 243
     -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9         // Decimal 244 - 255 */};

   /* ********  D E T E R M I N E   W H I C H   A L H A B E T  ******** */

   /**
    * Returns one of the _SOMETHING_ALPHABET byte arrays depending on
    * the options specified.
    * It's possible, though silly, to specify ORDERED and URLSAFE
    * in which case one of them will be picked, though there is
    * no guarantee as to which one will be picked.
    */
   private static byte[] getAlphabet(final int options) {
      if ((options & Base64.URL_SAFE) == Base64.URL_SAFE) {
         return Base64._URL_SAFE_ALPHABET;
      }
      else if ((options & Base64.ORDERED) == Base64.ORDERED) {
         return Base64._ORDERED_ALPHABET;
      }
      else {
         return Base64._STANDARD_ALPHABET;
      }

   } // end getAlphabet

   /**
    * Returns one of the _SOMETHING_DECODABET byte arrays depending on
    * the options specified.
    * It's possible, though silly, to specify ORDERED and URL_SAFE
    * in which case one of them will be picked, though there is
    * no guarantee as to which one will be picked.
    */
   private static byte[] getDecodabet(final int options) {
      if ((options & Base64.URL_SAFE) == Base64.URL_SAFE) {
         return Base64._URL_SAFE_DECODABET;
      }
      else if ((options & Base64.ORDERED) == Base64.ORDERED) {
         return Base64._ORDERED_DECODABET;
      }
      else {
         return Base64._STANDARD_DECODABET;
      }

   } // end getAlphabet

   /**
    * Defeats instantiation.
    */
   private Base64() {
   }

   /**
    * Encodes or decodes two files from the command line;
    * <strong>feel free to delete this method (in fact you probably should)
    * if you're embedding this code into a larger program.</strong>
    *
    * @param args Input args
    */
   public static final void main(final String[] args) {
      if (args.length < 3) {
         Base64.usage("Not enough arguments.");
      } // end if: args.length < 3
      else {
         String flag = args[0];
         String infile = args[1];
         String outfile = args[2];
         if (flag.equals("-e")) {
            Base64.encodeFileToFile(infile, outfile);
         } // end if: encode
         else if (flag.equals("-d")) {
            Base64.decodeFileToFile(infile, outfile);
         } // end else if: decode
         else {
            Base64.usage("Unknown flag: " + flag);
         } // end else
      } // end else
   } // end main

   /**
    * Prints command line usage.
    *
    * @param msg A message to include with usage info.
    */
   private static void usage(final String msg) {
      System.err.println(msg);
      System.err.println("Usage: java Base64 -e|-d inputfile outputfile");
   } // end usage

   /* ********  E N C O D I N G   M E T H O D S  ******** */

   /**
    * Encodes up to the first three bytes of array <var>threeBytes</var>
    * and returns a four-byte array in Base64 notation.
    * The actual number of significant bytes in your array is
    * given by <var>numSigBytes</var>.
    * The array <var>threeBytes</var> needs only be as big as
    * <var>numSigBytes</var>.
    * Code can reuse a byte array by passing a four-byte array as <var>b4</var>.
    *
    * @param b4          A reusable byte array to reduce array instantiation
    * @param threeBytes  the array to convert
    * @param numSigBytes the number of significant bytes in your array
    * @return four byte array in Base64 notation.
    * @since 1.5.1
    */
   private static byte[] encode3to4(final byte[] b4,
                                    final byte[] threeBytes,
                                    final int numSigBytes,
                                    final int options) {
      Base64.encode3to4(threeBytes, 0, numSigBytes, b4, 0, options);
      return b4;
   } // end encode3to4

   /**
    * <p>Encodes up to three bytes of the array <var>source</var>
    * and writes the resulting four Base64 bytes to <var>destination</var>.
    * The source and destination arrays can be manipulated
    * anywhere along their length by specifying
    * <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>.
    * This method does not check to make sure your arrays
    * are large enough to accommodate <var>srcOffset</var> + 3 for
    * the <var>source</var> array or <var>destOffset</var> + 4 for
    * the <var>destination</var> array.
    * The actual number of significant bytes in your array is
    * given by <var>numSigBytes</var>.</p>
    * <p>This is the lowest level of the encoding methods with
    * all possible parameters.</p>
    *
    * @param source      the array to convert
    * @param srcOffset   the index where conversion begins
    * @param numSigBytes the number of significant bytes in your array
    * @param destination the array to hold the conversion
    * @param destOffset  the index where output will be put
    * @return the <var>destination</var> array
    * @since 1.3
    */
   private static byte[] encode3to4(final byte[] source,
                                    final int srcOffset,
                                    final int numSigBytes,
                                    final byte[] destination,
                                    final int destOffset,
                                    final int options) {
      byte[] ALPHABET = Base64.getAlphabet(options);

      // 1 2 3
      // 01234567890123456789012345678901 Bit position
      // --------000000001111111122222222 Array position from threeBytes
      // --------| || || || | Six bit groups to index ALPHABET
      // >>18 >>12 >> 6 >> 0 Right shift necessary
      // 0x3f 0x3f 0x3f Additional AND

      // Create buffer with zero-padding if there are only one or two
      // significant bytes passed in the array.
      // We have to shift left 24 in order to flush out the 1's that appear
      // when Java treats a value as negative that is cast from a byte to an int.
      int inBuff = (numSigBytes > 0 ? source[srcOffset] << 24 >>> 8 : 0) | (numSigBytes > 1 ? source[srcOffset + 1] << 24 >>> 16 : 0) |
         (numSigBytes > 2 ? source[srcOffset + 2] << 24 >>> 24 : 0);

      switch (numSigBytes) {
         case 3:
            destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
            destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[inBuff >>> 12 & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 2] = ALPHABET[inBuff >>> 6 & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 3] = ALPHABET[inBuff & 0x3f];
            return destination;

         case 2:
            destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
            destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[inBuff >>> 12 & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 2] = ALPHABET[inBuff >>> 6 & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 3] = Base64.EQUALS_SIGN;
            return destination;

         case 1:
            destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
            destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[inBuff >>> 12 & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 2] = Base64.EQUALS_SIGN;
            destination[destOffset + 3] = Base64.EQUALS_SIGN;
            return destination;

         default:
            return destination;
      } // end switch
   } // end encode3to4

   /**
    * Serializes an object and returns the Base64-encoded
    * version of that serialized object. If the object
    * cannot be serialized or there is another error,
    * the method will return <tt>null</tt>.
    * The object is not GZip-compressed before being encoded.
    *
    * @param serializableObject The object to encode
    * @return The Base64-encoded object
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static String encodeObject(final java.io.Serializable serializableObject) {
      return Base64.encodeObject(serializableObject, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
   } // end encodeObject

   /**
    * Serializes an object and returns the Base64-encoded
    * version of that serialized object. If the object
    * cannot be serialized or there is another error,
    * the method will return <tt>null</tt>.
    * <p>
    * Valid options:<pre>
    *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
    *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
    *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
    * </pre>
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeObject( myObj, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeObject( myObj, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES )</code>
    *
    * @param serializableObject The object to encode
    * @param options            Specified options
    * @return The Base64-encoded object
    * @see Base64#GZIP
    * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
    * @since 2.0
    */
   public static String encodeObject(final java.io.Serializable serializableObject, final int options) {
      // Streams
      java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
      java.io.OutputStream b64os = null;
      java.io.ObjectOutputStream oos = null;
      java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream gzos = null;

      // Isolate options
      int gzip = options & Base64.GZIP;

      try {
         // ObjectOutputStream -> (GZIP) -> Base64 -> ByteArrayOutputStream
         baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
         b64os = new Base64.OutputStream(baos, Base64.ENCODE | options);

         // GZip?
         if (gzip == Base64.GZIP) {
            gzos = new java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream(b64os);
            oos = new java.io.ObjectOutputStream(gzos);
         } // end if: gzip
         else {
            oos = new java.io.ObjectOutputStream(b64os);
         }

         oos.writeObject(serializableObject);
      } // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e) {
         e.printStackTrace();
         return null;
      } // end catch
      finally {
         try {
            oos.close();
         }
         catch (Exception e) {
         }
         try {
            gzos.close();
         }
         catch (Exception e) {
         }
         try {
            b64os.close();
         }
         catch (Exception e) {
         }
         try {
            baos.close();
         }
         catch (Exception e) {
         }
      } // end finally

      // Return value according to relevant encoding.
      return new String(baos.toByteArray(), Base64.PREFERRED_ENCODING);

   } // end encode

   /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
    * Does not GZip-compress data.
    *
    * @param source The data to convert
    * @return Base64 String
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static String encodeBytes(final byte[] source) {
      return Base64.encodeBytes(source, 0, source.length, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
   } // end encodeBytes

   /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
    * <p>
    * Valid options:<pre>
    *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
    *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
    *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
    * </pre>
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES )</code>
    *
    * @param source  The data to convert
    * @param options Specified options
    * @return Encoded String
    * @see Base64#GZIP
    * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
    * @since 2.0
    */
   public static String encodeBytes(final byte[] source, final int options) {
      return Base64.encodeBytes(source, 0, source.length, options);
   } // end encodeBytes

   /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
    * Does not GZip-compress data.
    *
    * @param source The data to convert
    * @param off    Offset in array where conversion should begin
    * @param len    Length of data to convert
    * @return Encoded String
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static String encodeBytes(final byte[] source, final int off, final int len) {
      return Base64.encodeBytes(source, off, len, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
   } // end encodeBytes

   /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
    * <p>
    * Valid options:<pre>
    *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
    *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
    *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
    * </pre>
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES )</code>
    *
    * @param source  The data to convert
    * @param off     Offset in array where conversion should begin
    * @param len     Length of data to convert
    * @param options options alphabet type is pulled from this (standard, url-safe, ordered)
    * @return Encoded String
    * @see Base64#GZIP
    * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
    * @since 2.0
    */
   public static String encodeBytes(final byte[] source, final int off, final int len, final int options) {
      // Isolate options
      int dontBreakLines = options & Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES;
      int gzip = options & Base64.GZIP;

      // Compress?
      if (gzip == Base64.GZIP) {
         java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
         java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream gzos = null;
         Base64.OutputStream b64os = null;

         try {
            // GZip -> Base64 -> ByteArray
            baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
            b64os = new Base64.OutputStream(baos, Base64.ENCODE | options);
            gzos = new java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream(b64os);

            gzos.write(source, off, len);
            gzos.close();
         } // end try
         catch (java.io.IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            return null;
         } // end catch
         finally {
            try {
               gzos.close();
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
            }
            try {
               b64os.close();
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
            }
            try {
               baos.close();
            }
            catch (Exception e) {
            }
         } // end finally

         // Return value according to relevant encoding.
         return new String(baos.toByteArray(), Base64.PREFERRED_ENCODING);
      } // end if: compress

      // Else, don't compress. Better not to use streams at all then.
      else {
         // Convert option to boolean in way that code likes it.
         boolean breakLines = dontBreakLines == 0;

         int len43 = len * 4 / 3;
         byte[] outBuff = new byte[len43 + (len % 3 > 0 ? 4 : 0) // Account for padding
            +
            (breakLines ? len43 / Base64.MAX_LINE_LENGTH : 0)]; // New lines
         int d = 0;
         int e = 0;
         int len2 = len - 2;
         int lineLength = 0;
         for (; d < len2; d += 3, e += 4) {
            Base64.encode3to4(source, d + off, 3, outBuff, e, options);

            lineLength += 4;
            if (breakLines && lineLength == Base64.MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
               outBuff[e + 4] = Base64.NEW_LINE;
               e++;
               lineLength = 0;
            } // end if: end of line
         } // en dfor: each piece of array

         if (d < len) {
            Base64.encode3to4(source, d + off, len - d, outBuff, e, options);
            e += 4;
         } // end if: some padding needed

         // Return value according to relevant encoding.
         return new String(outBuff, 0, e, Base64.PREFERRED_ENCODING);

      } // end else: don't compress

   } // end encodeBytes

   /* ********  D E C O D I N G   M E T H O D S  ******** */

   /**
    * Decodes four bytes from array <var>source</var>
    * and writes the resulting bytes (up to three of them)
    * to <var>destination</var>.
    * The source and destination arrays can be manipulated
    * anywhere along their length by specifying
    * <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>.
    * This method does not check to make sure your arrays
    * are large enough to accommodate <var>srcOffset</var> + 4 for
    * the <var>source</var> array or <var>destOffset</var> + 3 for
    * the <var>destination</var> array.
    * This method returns the actual number of bytes that
    * were converted from the Base64 encoding.
    * <p>This is the lowest level of the decoding methods with
    * all possible parameters.</p>
    *
    * @param source      the array to convert
    * @param srcOffset   the index where conversion begins
    * @param destination the array to hold the conversion
    * @param destOffset  the index where output will be put
    * @param options     alphabet type is pulled from this (standard, url-safe, ordered)
    * @return the number of decoded bytes converted
    * @since 1.3
    */
   private static int decode4to3(final byte[] source,
                                 final int srcOffset,
                                 final byte[] destination,
                                 final int destOffset,
                                 final int options) {
      byte[] DECODABET = Base64.getDecodabet(options);

      // Example: Dk==
      if (source[srcOffset + 2] == Base64.EQUALS_SIGN) {
         // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
         // int outBuff = ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset ] ] << 24 ) >>> 6 )
         // | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 );
         int outBuff = (DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18 | (DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12;

         destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 16);
         return 1;
      }

      // Example: DkL=
      else if (source[srcOffset + 3] == Base64.EQUALS_SIGN) {
         // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
         // int outBuff = ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset ] ] << 24 ) >>> 6 )
         // | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 )
         // | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 18 );
         int outBuff = (DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18 | (DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12 |
            (DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 2]] & 0xFF) << 6;

         destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 16);
         destination[destOffset + 1] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 8);
         return 2;
      }

      // Example: DkLE
      else {
         try {
            // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
            // int outBuff = ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset ] ] << 24 ) >>> 6 )
            // | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 )
            // | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 18 )
            // | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 3 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 24 );
            int outBuff = (DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18 | (DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12 |
               (DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 2]] & 0xFF) << 6 |
               DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 3]] & 0xFF;

            destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >> 16);
            destination[destOffset + 1] = (byte) (outBuff >> 8);
            destination[destOffset + 2] = (byte) outBuff;

            return 3;
         }
         catch (Exception e) {
            System.out.println("" + source[srcOffset] + ": " + DECODABET[source[srcOffset]]);
            System.out.println("" + source[srcOffset + 1] + ": " + DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]]);
            System.out.println("" + source[srcOffset + 2] + ": " + DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 2]]);
            System.out.println("" + source[srcOffset + 3] + ": " + DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 3]]);
            return -1;
         } // end catch
      }
   } // end decodeToBytes

   /**
    * Very low-level access to decoding ASCII characters in
    * the form of a byte array. Does not support automatically
    * gunzipping or any other "fancy" features.
    *
    * @param source  The Base64 encoded data
    * @param off     The offset of where to begin decoding
    * @param len     The length of characters to decode
    * @param options Specified options
    * @return decoded data
    * @since 1.3
    */
   public static byte[] decode(final byte[] source, final int off, final int len, final int options) {
      byte[] DECODABET = Base64.getDecodabet(options);

      int len34 = len * 3 / 4;
      byte[] outBuff = new byte[len34]; // Upper limit on size of output
      int outBuffPosn = 0;

      byte[] b4 = new byte[4];
      int b4Posn = 0;
      int i = 0;
      byte sbiCrop = 0;
      byte sbiDecode = 0;
      for (i = off; i < off + len; i++) {
         sbiCrop = (byte) (source[i] & 0x7f); // Only the low seven bits
         sbiDecode = DECODABET[sbiCrop];

         if (sbiDecode >= Base64.WHITE_SPACE_ENC) // White space, Equals sign or better
         {
            if (sbiDecode >= Base64.EQUALS_SIGN_ENC) {
               b4[b4Posn++] = sbiCrop;
               if (b4Posn > 3) {
                  outBuffPosn += Base64.decode4to3(b4, 0, outBuff, outBuffPosn, options);
                  b4Posn = 0;

                  // If that was the equals sign, break out of 'for' loop
                  if (sbiCrop == Base64.EQUALS_SIGN) {
                     break;
                  }
               } // end if: quartet built

            } // end if: equals sign or better

         } // end if: white space, equals sign or better
         else {
            System.err.println("Bad Base64 input character at " + i + ": " + source[i] + "(decimal)");
            return null;
         } // end else:
      } // each input character

      byte[] out = new byte[outBuffPosn];
      System.arraycopy(outBuff, 0, out, 0, outBuffPosn);
      return out;
   } // end decode

   /**
    * Decodes data from Base64 notation, automatically
    * detecting gzip-compressed data and decompressing it.
    *
    * @param s the string to decode
    * @return the decoded data
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static byte[] decode(final String s) {
      return Base64.decode(s, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
   }

   /**
    * Decodes data from Base64 notation, automatically
    * detecting gzip-compressed data and decompressing it.
    *
    * @param s       the string to decode
    * @param options encode options such as URL_SAFE
    * @return the decoded data
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static byte[] decode(final String s, final int options) {
      byte[] bytes = s.getBytes(Base64.PREFERRED_ENCODING);
      // </change>

      // Decode
      bytes = Base64.decode(bytes, 0, bytes.length, options);

      // Check to see if it's gzip-compressed
      // GZIP Magic Two-Byte Number: 0x8b1f (35615)
      if (bytes != null && bytes.length >= 4) {

         int head = bytes[0] & 0xff | bytes[1] << 8 & 0xff00;
         if (java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream.GZIP_MAGIC == head) {
            java.io.ByteArrayInputStream bais = null;
            java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream gzis = null;
            java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
            byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];
            int length = 0;

            try {
               baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
               bais = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
               gzis = new java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream(bais);

               while ((length = gzis.read(buffer)) >= 0) {
                  baos.write(buffer, 0, length);
               } // end while: reading input

               // No error? Get new bytes.
               bytes = baos.toByteArray();

            } // end try
            catch (java.io.IOException e) {
               // Just return originally-decoded bytes
            } // end catch
            finally {
               try {
                  baos.close();
               }
               catch (Exception e) {
               }
               try {
                  gzis.close();
               }
               catch (Exception e) {
               }
               try {
                  bais.close();
               }
               catch (Exception e) {
               }
            } // end finally

         } // end if: gzipped
      } // end if: bytes.length >= 2

      return bytes;
   } // end decode

   /**
    * Attempts to decode Base64 data and deserialize a Java
    * Object within. Returns <tt>null</tt> if there was an error.
    *
    * @param encodedObject The Base64 data to decode
    * @return The decoded and deserialized object
    * @since 1.5
    */
   public static Object decodeToObject(final String encodedObject) {
      // Decode and gunzip if necessary
      byte[] objBytes = Base64.decode(encodedObject);

      java.io.ByteArrayInputStream bais = null;
      java.io.ObjectInputStream ois = null;
      Object obj = null;

      try {
         bais = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream(objBytes);
         ois = new java.io.ObjectInputStream(bais);

         obj = ois.readObject();
      } // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e) {
         e.printStackTrace();
         obj = null;
      } // end catch
      catch (java.lang.ClassNotFoundException e) {
         e.printStackTrace();
         obj = null;
      } // end catch
      finally {
         try {
            bais.close();
         }
         catch (Exception e) {
         }
         try {
            ois.close();
         }
         catch (Exception e) {
         }
      } // end finally

      return obj;
   } // end decodeObject

   /**
    * Convenience method for encoding data to a file.
    *
    * @param dataToEncode byte array of data to encode in base64 form
    * @param filename     Filename for saving encoded data
    * @return <tt>true</tt> if successful, <tt>false</tt> otherwise
    * @since 2.1
    */
   public static boolean encodeToFile(final byte[] dataToEncode, final String filename) {
      boolean success = false;
      Base64.OutputStream bos = null;
      try {
         bos = new Base64.OutputStream(new java.io.FileOutputStream(filename), Base64.ENCODE);
         bos.write(dataToEncode);
         success = true;
      } // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e) {

         success = false;
      } // end catch: IOException
      finally {
         try {
            bos.close();
         }
         catch (Exception e) {
         }
      } // end finally

      return success;
   } // end encodeToFile

   /**
    * Convenience method for decoding data to a file.
    *
    * @param dataToDecode Base64-encoded data as a string
    * @param filename     Filename for saving decoded data
    * @return <tt>true</tt> if successful, <tt>false</tt> otherwise
    * @since 2.1
    */
   public static boolean decodeToFile(final String dataToDecode, final String filename) {
      boolean success = false;
      Base64.OutputStream bos = null;
      try {
         bos = new Base64.OutputStream(new java.io.FileOutputStream(filename), Base64.DECODE);
         bos.write(dataToDecode.getBytes(Base64.PREFERRED_ENCODING));
         success = true;
      } // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e) {
         success = false;
      } // end catch: IOException
      finally {
         try {
            bos.close();
         }
         catch (Exception e) {
         }
      } // end finally

      return success;
   } // end decodeToFile

   /**
    * Convenience method for reading a base64-encoded
    * file and decoding it.
    *
    * @param filename Filename for reading encoded data
    * @return decoded byte array or null if unsuccessful
    * @since 2.1
    */
   public static byte[] decodeFromFile(final String filename) {
      byte[] decodedData = null;
      Base64.InputStream bis = null;
      try {
         // Set up some useful variables
         java.io.File file = new java.io.File(filename);
         byte[] buffer = null;
         int length = 0;
         int numBytes = 0;

         // Check for size of file
         if (file.length() > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
            System.err.println("File is too big for this convenience method (" + file.length() + " bytes).");
            return null;
         } // end if: file too big for int index
         buffer = new byte[(int) file.length()];

         // Open a stream
         bis = new Base64.InputStream(new java.io.BufferedInputStream(new java.io.FileInputStream(file)), Base64.DECODE);

         // Read until done
         while ((numBytes = bis.read(buffer, length, 4096)) >= 0) {
            length += numBytes;
         }

         // Save in a variable to return
         decodedData = new byte[length];
         System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, decodedData, 0, length);

      } // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e) {
         System.err.println("Error decoding from file " + filename);
      } // end catch: IOException
      finally {
         try {
            if (bis != null) {
               bis.close();
            }
         }
         catch (Exception e) {
         }
      } // end finally

      return decodedData;
   } // end decodeFromFile

   /**
    * Convenience method for reading a binary file
    * and base64-encoding it.
    *
    * @param filename Filename for reading binary data
    * @return base64-encoded string or null if unsuccessful
    * @since 2.1
    */
   public static String encodeFromFile(final String filename) {
      String encodedData = null;
      Base64.InputStream bis = null;
      try {
         // Set up some useful variables
         java.io.File file = new java.io.File(filename);
         byte[] buffer = new byte[Math.max((int) (file.length() * 1.4), 40)]; // Need max() for math on small files
         // (v2.2.1)
         int length = 0;
         int numBytes = 0;

         // Open a stream
         bis = new Base64.InputStream(new java.io.BufferedInputStream(new java.io.FileInputStream(file)), Base64.ENCODE);

         // Read until done
         while ((numBytes = bis.read(buffer, length, 4096)) >= 0) {
            length += numBytes;
         }

         // Save in a variable to return
         encodedData = new String(buffer, 0, length, Base64.PREFERRED_ENCODING);

      } // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e) {
         System.err.println("Error encoding from file " + filename);
      } // end catch: IOException
      finally {
         try {
            bis.close();
         }
         catch (Exception e) {
         }
      } // end finally

      return encodedData;
   } // end encodeFromFile

   /**
    * Reads <tt>infile</tt> and encodes it to <tt>outfile</tt>.
    *
    * @param infile  Input file
    * @param outfile Output file
    * @return true if the operation is successful
    * @since 2.2
    */
   public static boolean encodeFileToFile(final String infile, final String outfile) {
      boolean success = false;
      java.io.InputStream in = null;
      java.io.OutputStream out = null;
      try {
         in = new Base64.InputStream(new java.io.BufferedInputStream(new java.io.FileInputStream(infile)), Base64.ENCODE);
         out = new java.io.BufferedOutputStream(new java.io.FileOutputStream(outfile));
         byte[] buffer = new byte[65536]; // 64K
         int read = -1;
         while ((read = in.read(buffer)) >= 0) {
            out.write(buffer, 0, read);
         } // end while: through file
         success = true;
      }
      catch (java.io.IOException exc) {
         exc.printStackTrace();
      }
      finally {
         try {
            in.close();
         }
         catch (Exception exc) {
         }
         try {
            out.close();
         }
         catch (Exception exc) {
         }
      } // end finally

      return success;
   } // end encodeFileToFile

   /**
    * Reads <tt>infile</tt> and decodes it to <tt>outfile</tt>.
    *
    * @param infile  Input file
    * @param outfile Output file
    * @return true if the operation is successful
    * @since 2.2
    */
   public static boolean decodeFileToFile(final String infile, final String outfile) {
      boolean success = false;
      java.io.InputStream in = null;
      java.io.OutputStream out = null;
      try {
         in = new Base64.InputStream(new java.io.BufferedInputStream(new java.io.FileInputStream(infile)), Base64.DECODE);
         out = new java.io.BufferedOutputStream(new java.io.FileOutputStream(outfile));
         byte[] buffer = new byte[65536]; // 64K
         int read = -1;
         while ((read = in.read(buffer)) >= 0) {
            out.write(buffer, 0, read);
         } // end while: through file
         success = true;
      }
      catch (java.io.IOException exc) {
         exc.printStackTrace();
      }
      finally {
         try {
            in.close();
         }
         catch (Exception exc) {
         }
         try {
            out.close();
         }
         catch (Exception exc) {
         }
      } // end finally

      return success;
   } // end decodeFileToFile

   /* ********  I N N E R   C L A S S   I N P U T S T R E A M  ******** */

   /**
    * A {@link Base64.InputStream} will read data from another
    * <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt>, given in the constructor,
    * and encode/decode to/from Base64 notation on the fly.
    *
    * @see Base64
    * @since 1.3
    */
   public static class InputStream extends java.io.FilterInputStream {

      private final boolean encode; // Encoding or decoding

      private int position; // Current position in the buffer

      private final byte[] buffer; // Small buffer holding converted data

      private final int bufferLength; // Length of buffer (3 or 4)

      private int numSigBytes; // Number of meaningful bytes in the buffer

      private int lineLength;

      private final boolean breakLines; // Break lines at less than 80 characters

      private final int options; // Record options used to create the stream.

      private final byte[] alphabet; // Local copies to avoid extra method calls

      private final byte[] decodabet; // Local copies to avoid extra method calls

      /**
       * Constructs a {@link Base64.InputStream} in DECODE mode.
       *
       * @param in the <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt> from which to read data.
       * @since 1.3
       */
      public InputStream(final java.io.InputStream in) {
         this(in, Base64.DECODE);
      } // end constructor

      /**
       * Constructs a {@link Base64.InputStream} in
       * either ENCODE or DECODE mode.
       * <p>
       * Valid options:<pre>
       *   ENCODE or DECODE: Encode or Decode as data is read.
       *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
       *     (only meaningful when encoding)
       *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
       * </pre>
       * <p>
       * Example: <code>new Base64.InputStream( in, Base64.DECODE )</code>
       *
       * @param in      the <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt> from which to read data.
       * @param options Specified options
       * @see Base64#ENCODE
       * @see Base64#DECODE
       * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
       * @since 2.0
       */
      public InputStream(final java.io.InputStream in, final int options) {
         super(in);
         breakLines = (options & Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES) != Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES;
         encode = (options & Base64.ENCODE) == Base64.ENCODE;
         bufferLength = encode ? 4 : 3;
         buffer = new byte[bufferLength];
         position = -1;
         lineLength = 0;
         this.options = options; // Record for later, mostly to determine which alphabet to use
         alphabet = Base64.getAlphabet(options);
         decodabet = Base64.getDecodabet(options);
      } // end constructor

      /**
       * Reads enough of the input stream to convert
       * to/from Base64 and returns the next byte.
       *
       * @return next byte
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public int read() throws java.io.IOException {
         // Do we need to get data?
         if (position < 0) {
            if (encode) {
               byte[] b3 = new byte[3];
               int numBinaryBytes = 0;
               for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                  try {
                     int b = in.read();

                     // If end of stream, b is -1.
                     if (b >= 0) {
                        b3[i] = (byte) b;
                        numBinaryBytes++;
                     } // end if: not end of stream

                  } // end try: read
                  catch (java.io.IOException e) {
                     // Only a problem if we got no data at all.
                     if (i == 0) {
                        throw e;
                     }

                  } // end catch
               } // end for: each needed input byte

               if (numBinaryBytes > 0) {
                  Base64.encode3to4(b3, 0, numBinaryBytes, buffer, 0, options);
                  position = 0;
                  numSigBytes = 4;
               } // end if: got data
               else {
                  return -1;
               }
            } // end if: encoding

            // Else decoding
            else {
               byte[] b4 = new byte[4];
               int i = 0;
               for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
                  // Read four "meaningful" bytes:
                  int b = 0;
                  do {
                     b = in.read();
                  } while (b >= 0 && decodabet[b & 0x7f] <= Base64.WHITE_SPACE_ENC);

                  if (b < 0) {
                     break; // Reads a -1 if end of stream
                  }

                  b4[i] = (byte) b;
               } // end for: each needed input byte

               if (i == 4) {
                  numSigBytes = Base64.decode4to3(b4, 0, buffer, 0, options);
                  position = 0;
               } // end if: got four characters
               else if (i == 0) {
                  return -1;
               }
               else {
                  // Must have broken out from above.
                  throw new java.io.IOException("Improperly padded Base64 input.");
               }

            } // end else: decode
         } // end else: get data

         // Got data?
         if (position >= 0) {
            // End of relevant data?
            if ( /*!encode &&*/position >= numSigBytes) {
               return -1;
            }

            if (encode && breakLines && lineLength >= Base64.MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
               lineLength = 0;
               return '\n';
            } // end if
            else {
               lineLength++; // This isn't important when decoding
               // but throwing an extra "if" seems
               // just as wasteful.

               int b = buffer[position++];

               if (position >= bufferLength) {
                  position = -1;
               }

               return b & 0xFF; // This is how you "cast" a byte that's
               // intended to be unsigned.
            } // end else
         } // end if: position >= 0
         else {
            // When JDK1.4 is more accepted, use an assertion here.
            throw new java.io.IOException("Error in Base64 code reading stream.");
         }
      } // end read

      /**
       * Calls {@link #read()} repeatedly until the end of stream
       * is reached or <var>len</var> bytes are read.
       * Returns number of bytes read into array or -1 if
       * end of stream is encountered.
       *
       * @param dest array to hold values
       * @param off  offset for array
       * @param len  max number of bytes to read into array
       * @return bytes read into array or -1 if end of stream is encountered.
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public int read(final byte[] dest, final int off, final int len) throws java.io.IOException {
         int i;
         int b;
         for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            b = read();

            // if( b < 0 && i == 0 )
            // return -1;

            if (b >= 0) {
               dest[off + i] = (byte) b;
            }
            else if (i == 0) {
               return -1;
            }
            else {
               break; // Out of 'for' loop
            }
         } // end for: each byte read
         return i;
      } // end read

   } // end inner class InputStream

   /* ********  I N N E R   C L A S S   O U T P U T S T R E A M  ******** */

   /**
    * A {@link Base64.OutputStream} will write data to another
    * <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt>, given in the constructor,
    * and encode/decode to/from Base64 notation on the fly.
    *
    * @see Base64
    * @since 1.3
    */
   public static class OutputStream extends java.io.FilterOutputStream {

      private final boolean encode;

      private int position;

      private byte[] buffer;

      private final int bufferLength;

      private int lineLength;

      private final boolean breakLines;

      private final byte[] b4; // Scratch used in a few places

      private boolean suspendEncoding;

      private final int options; // Record for later

      private final byte[] alphabet; // Local copies to avoid extra method calls

      private final byte[] decodabet; // Local copies to avoid extra method calls

      /**
       * Constructs a {@link Base64.OutputStream} in ENCODE mode.
       *
       * @param out the <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt> to which data will be written.
       * @since 1.3
       */
      public OutputStream(final java.io.OutputStream out) {
         this(out, Base64.ENCODE);
      } // end constructor

      /**
       * Constructs a {@link Base64.OutputStream} in
       * either ENCODE or DECODE mode.
       * <p>
       * Valid options:<pre>
       *   ENCODE or DECODE: Encode or Decode as data is read.
       *   DONT_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
       *     (only meaningful when encoding)
       *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
       * </pre>
       * <p>
       * Example: <code>new Base64.OutputStream( out, Base64.ENCODE )</code>
       *
       * @param out     the <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt> to which data will be written.
       * @param options Specified options.
       * @see Base64#ENCODE
       * @see Base64#DECODE
       * @see Base64#DONT_BREAK_LINES
       * @since 1.3
       */
      public OutputStream(final java.io.OutputStream out, final int options) {
         super(out);
         breakLines = (options & Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES) != Base64.DONT_BREAK_LINES;
         encode = (options & Base64.ENCODE) == Base64.ENCODE;
         bufferLength = encode ? 3 : 4;
         buffer = new byte[bufferLength];
         position = 0;
         lineLength = 0;
         suspendEncoding = false;
         b4 = new byte[4];
         this.options = options;
         alphabet = Base64.getAlphabet(options);
         decodabet = Base64.getDecodabet(options);
      } // end constructor

      /**
       * Writes the byte to the output stream after
       * converting to/from Base64 notation.
       * When encoding, bytes are buffered three
       * at a time before the output stream actually
       * gets a write() call.
       * When decoding, bytes are buffered four
       * at a time.
       *
       * @param theByte the byte to write
       * @throws java.io.IOException Throws IOException
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public void write(final int theByte) throws java.io.IOException {
         // Encoding suspended?
         if (suspendEncoding) {
            super.out.write(theByte);
            return;
         } // end if: supsended

         // Encode?
         if (encode) {
            buffer[position++] = (byte) theByte;
            if (position >= bufferLength) { // Enough to encode.
               out.write(Base64.encode3to4(b4, buffer, bufferLength, options));

               lineLength += 4;
               if (breakLines && lineLength >= Base64.MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
                  out.write(Base64.NEW_LINE);
                  lineLength = 0;
               } // end if: end of line

               position = 0;
            } // end if: enough to output
         } // end if: encoding

         // Else, Decoding
         else {
            // Meaningful Base64 character?
            if (decodabet[theByte & 0x7f] > Base64.WHITE_SPACE_ENC) {
               buffer[position++] = (byte) theByte;
               if (position >= bufferLength) { // Enough to output.
                  int len = Base64.decode4to3(buffer, 0, b4, 0, options);
                  out.write(b4, 0, len);
                  // out.write( Base64.decode4to3( buffer ) );
                  position = 0;
               } // end if: enough to output
            } // end if: meaningful base64 character
            else if (decodabet[theByte & 0x7f] != Base64.WHITE_SPACE_ENC) {
               throw new java.io.IOException("Invalid character in Base64 data.");
            }
         } // end else: decoding
      } // end write

      /**
       * Calls {@link #write(int)} repeatedly until <var>len</var>
       * bytes are written.
       *
       * @param theBytes array from which to read bytes
       * @param off      offset for array
       * @param len      max number of bytes to read into array
       * @throws java.io.IOException Throws IOException
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public void write(final byte[] theBytes, final int off, final int len) throws java.io.IOException {
         // Encoding suspended?
         if (suspendEncoding) {
            super.out.write(theBytes, off, len);
            return;
         } // end if: supsended

         for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            write(theBytes[off + i]);
         } // end for: each byte written

      } // end write

      /**
       * Method added by PHIL. [Thanks, PHIL. -Rob]
       * This pads the buffer without closing the stream.
       *
       * @throws java.io.IOException On IO Exception
       */
      public void flushBase64() throws java.io.IOException {
         if (position > 0) {
            if (encode) {
               out.write(Base64.encode3to4(b4, buffer, position, options));
               position = 0;
            } // end if: encoding
            else {
               throw new java.io.IOException("Base64 input not properly padded.");
            }
         } // end if: buffer partially full

      } // end flush

      /**
       * Flushes and closes (I think, in the superclass) the stream.
       *
       * @throws java.io.IOException Throws IOException
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public void close() throws java.io.IOException {
         // 1. Ensure that pending characters are written
         flushBase64();

         // 2. Actually close the stream
         // Base class both flushes and closes.
         super.close();

         buffer = null;
         out = null;
      } // end close

      /**
       * Suspends encoding of the stream.
       * May be helpful if you need to embed a piece of
       * base640-encoded data in a stream.
       *
       * @throws java.io.IOException On IO Exception
       * @since 1.5.1
       */
      public void suspendEncoding() throws java.io.IOException {
         flushBase64();
         suspendEncoding = true;
      } // end suspendEncoding

      /**
       * Resumes encoding of the stream.
       * May be helpful if you need to embed a piece of
       * base640-encoded data in a stream.
       *
       * @since 1.5.1
       */
      public void resumeEncoding() {
         suspendEncoding = false;
      } // end resumeEncoding

   } // end inner class OutputStream

} // end class Base64
