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## Chapter 3. Installation and Configuration of Keycloak Server

The Keycloak Server has two downloadable distributions.

- keycloak-appliance-dist-all-1.0-rc-1.zip
- keycloak-war-dist-all-1.0-rc-1.zip

## 3.1. Appliance Install

The `keycloak-appliance-dist-all.zip` is quite large, but contains a complete server (backed by Wildfly) that runs out of the box. The only thing you'll have to enable and configure is SSL. Unzipping it, the directory layout looks something like this:

    keycloak-appliance-dist-all-1.0-rc-1/
        keycloak/
            bin/
                standalone.sh
                standalone.bat
                standalone/deployments/
                    auth-server.war/
                standalone/configuration/
                    keycloak-server.json
                    themes/
        adapters/
            keycloak-as7-adapter-dist-1.0-rc-1.zip
            keycloak-eap6-adapter-dist-1.0-rc-1.zip
            keycloak-wildfly-adapter-dist-1.0-rc-1.zip
        examples/
        docs/

The `standalone.sh` or `standalone.bat` script is used to start the server. After executing that, log into the admin console at http://localhost:8080/auth/admin/index.html. Username: admin Password: admin. Keycloak will then prompt you to enter in a new password.

## 3.2. WAR Distribution Installation

The `keycloak-war-dist-all.zip` contains just the bits you need to install keycloak on your favorite web container. We currently only support installing it on top of an existing JBoss AS 7.1.1, JBoss EAP 6.x, or Wildfly 8 distribution. We may in the future provide directions on how to install it on another web container like Tomcat or Jetty. If anybody in the community is interested in pulling this together, please contact us. Its mostly Maven pom work.

The directory structure of this distro looks like this:

    keycloak-war-dist-all-1.0-rc-1/
        deployments/
            auth-server.war/
            keycloak-ds.xml
        configuration/
            keycloak-server.json
            themes/
        adapters/
            keycloak-as7-adapter-dist-1.0-rc-1.zip
            keycloak-eap6-adapter-dist-1.0-rc-1.zip
            keycloak-wildfly-adapter-dist-1.0-rc-1.zip
        examples/
        docs/

After unzipping this file, copy everything in `deployments` directory into the `standalone/deployments` of your JBoss or Wildfly distro. Also, copy everything in `configuration` directory into the `standalone/configuration` directory.

        $ cd keycloak-war-dist-all-1.0-rc-1
        $ cp -r deployments $JBOSS_HOME/standalone
        $ cp -r configuration $JBOSS_HOME/standalone

After these steps you should also install the client adapter as this may contain modules the server needs (like Bouncycastle). You will also need to install the adapter to run the examples on the same server.

After booting up the JBoss or Wildfly distro, you can then make sure it is installed properly by logging into the admin console at http://localhost:8080/auth/admin/index.html. Username: admin Password: admin. Keycloak will then prompt you to enter in a new password.

## 3.3. Configuring the Server

Although the Keycloak Server is designed to run out of the box, there's some things you'll need to configure before you go into production. Specifically:

- Configuring keycloak to use a production database.
- Setting up SSL/HTTPS
- Enforcing HTTPS connections

### 3.3.1. Relational Database Configuration

By default, Keycloak uses a relational database to store Keycloak data. This datasource is the `.../standalone/deployments/keycloak-ds.xml` file of your Keycloak Server installation if you used Section 3.2, “WAR Distribution Installation” or in `.../standalone/configuration/standalone.xml` if you used Section 3.1, “Appliance Install”. File `keycloak-ds.xml` is used in WAR distribution, so that you have datasource available out of the box and you don't need to edit `standalone.xml` file. However a good thing is to always delete the file `keycloak-ds.xml` and move its configuration text into the centrally managed `standalone.xml` file. This will allow you to manage the database connection pool from the Wildfly/JBoss administration console. Here's what `.../standalone/configuration/standalone.xml` should look like after you've done this:

    <subsystem xmlns="urn:jboss:domain:datasources:2.0">
       <datasources>
          <datasource jndi-name="java:jboss/datasources/ExampleDS"
                      pool-name="ExampleDS" enabled="true" use-java-context="true">
             <connection-url>jdbc:h2:mem:test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1;DB_CLOSE_ON_EXIT=FALSE</connection-url>
             <driver>h2</driver>
             <security>
                <user-name>sa</user-name>
                <password>sa</password>
             </security>
          </datasource>
          <datasource jndi-name="java:jboss/datasources/KeycloakDS"
                      pool-name="KeycloakDS" enabled="true" use-java-context="true">
             <connection-url>jdbc:h2:${jboss.server.data.dir}/keycloak;AUTO_SERVER=TRUE</connection-url>
             <driver>h2</driver>
             <security>
                <user-name>sa</user-name>
                <password>sa</password>
            </security>
          </datasource>
          <drivers>
             <driver name="h2" module="com.h2database.h2">
                <xa-datasource-class>org.h2.jdbcx.JdbcDataSource</xa-datasource-class>
             </driver>
          </drivers>
                </datasources>
            </subsystem>

Besides moving the database config into the central `standalone.xml` configuration file you might want to use a better relational database for Keycloak like PostgreSQL or MySQL. You might also want to tweak the configuration settings of the datasource. Please see the Wildfly, JBoss AS7, or JBoss EAP 6.x documentation on how to do this.

Keycloak also runs on a Hibernate/JPA backend which is configured in the `standalone/configuration/keycloak-server.json`. By default the setting is like this:

    "connectionsJpa": {
        "default": {
            "dataSource": "java:jboss/datasources/KeycloakDS",
            "databaseSchema": "update"
        }
    },

Possible configuration options are:

unitName

  Allow you to specify name of persistence unit if you want to provide your own persistence.xml file for JPA configuration. If this option is used, then all other configuration options are ignored as you are expected to configure all JPA/DB properties in your own persistence.xml file. Hence you can remove properties "dataSource" and "databaseSchema" in this case.

dataSource

  JNDI name of the dataSource

jta

  boolean property to specify if datasource is JTA capable

driverDialect

  Value of Hibernate dialect. In most cases you don't need to specify this property as dialect will be autodetected by Hibernate.

databaseSchema

  Value of database schema (Hibernate property "hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto" ).

showSql

  Specify whether Hibernate should show all SQL commands in the console (false by default)

formatSql

  Specify whether Hibernate should format SQL commands (true by default)

For more info about Hibernate properties, see Hibernate and JPA documentation .

#### 3.3.1.1. Tested databases

Here is list of RDBMS databases and corresponding JDBC drivers, which were tested with Keycloak. Note that Hibernate dialect is usually set automatically according to your database, but in some cases, you must manually set the proper dialect, as the default dialect may not work correctly. You can setup dialect by adding property `driverDialect` to the `keycloak-server.json` into `connectionsJpa` section (see above).

Table 3.1. Tested databases

Database | JDBC driver | Hibernate Dialect
--- | --- | ---
H2 1.3.161 | H2 1.3.161 | auto
MySQL 5.5 | MySQL Connector/J 5.1.25 | auto
PostgreSQL 9.2 | JDBC4 Postgresql Driver, Version 9.3-1100 | auto
Oracle 11g R1 | Oracle JDBC Driver v11.1.0.7 | auto
Microsoft SQL Server 2012 | Microsoft SQL Server JDBC Driver 4.0.2206.100 | org.hibernate.dialect.SQLServer2008Dialect
Sybase ASE 15.7 | JDBC(TM)/7.07 ESD #5 (Build 26792)/P/EBF20686 | auto

### 3.3.2. MongoDB based model

Keycloak provides MongoDB based model implementation, which means that your identity data will be saved in MongoDB instead of traditional RDBMS. To configure Keycloak to use Mongo open `standalone/configuration/keycloak-server.json` in your favourite editor, then change:

    "audit": {
        "provider": "jpa",
        "jpa": {
            "exclude-events": [ "REFRESH_TOKEN" ]
        }
    },

    "realm": {
        "provider": "jpa"
    },

    "user": {
        "provider": "${keycloak.user.provider:jpa}"
    },

to:

    "audit": {
        "provider": "mongo",
    },

    "realm": {
        "provider": "mongo"
    },

    "user": {
        "provider": "mongo"
    }

And at the end of the file add the snippet like this where you can configure details about your Mongo database:

    "connectionsMongo": {
        "default": {
            "host": "127.0.0.1",
            "port": "27017",
            "db": "keycloak"
        }
    }

All configuration options are optional. Default values for host and port are localhost and 27017. Default name of database is `keycloak` . You can also specify properties `user` and `password` if you want authenticate against your MongoDB. If user and password are not specified, Keycloak will connect unauthenticated to your MongoDB.

### 3.3.3. AS7/EAP6.x Logging

Accessing the admin console will get these annoying log messages:

        WARN  [org.jboss.resteasy.core.ResourceLocator] (http-/127.0.0.1:8080-3)
                    Field providers of subresource xxx will not be injected according to spec

These can be ignored by editing standalone.xml of your jboss installation:

        <logger category="org.jboss.resteasy.core.ResourceLocator">
            <level name="ERROR"/>
        </logger>

### 3.3.4. SSL/HTTPS Requirement/Modes

## Warning

Keycloak is not set up by default to handle SSL/HTTPS in either the war distribution or appliance. It is highly recommended that you either enable SSL on the Keycloak server itself or on a reverse proxy in front of the Keycloak server.

Keycloak can run out of the box without SSL so long as you stick to private IP addresses like localhost, 127.0.0.1, 10.0.x.x, 192.168.x.x, and 172..16.x.x. If you try to access Keycloak from a non-IP adress you will get an error.

Keycloak has 3 SSL/HTTPS modes which you can set up in the admin console under the Settings->Login page and the `Require SSL` select box. Each adapter config should mirror this server-side setting. See adapter config section for more details.

external

  Keycloak can run out of the box without SSL so long as you stick to private IP addresses like localhost, 127.0.0.1, 10.0.x.x, 192.168.x.x, and 172..16.x.x. If you try to access Keycloak from a non-IP adress you will get an error.

none

  Keycloak does not require SSL.

all

  Keycloak requires SSL for all IP addresses.

### 3.3.5. SSL/HTTPS Setup

First enable SSL on Keycloak or on a reverse proxy in front of Keycloak. Then configure the Keycloak Server to enforce HTTPS connections.

#### 3.3.5.1. Enable SSL on Keycloak

The following things need to be done

- Generate a self signed or third-party signed certificate and import it into a Java keystore using `keytool`.
- Enable JBoss or Wildfly to use this certificate and turn on SSL/HTTPS.

##### 3.3.5.1.1. Creating the Certificate and Java Keystore

In order to allow HTTPS connections, you need to obtain a self signed or third-party signed certificate and import it into a Java keystore before you can enable HTTPS in the web container you are deploying the Keycloak Server to.

###### 3.3.5.1.1.1. Self Signed Certificate

In development, you will probably not have a third party signed certificate available to test a Keycloak deployment so you'll need to generate a self-signed on. Generate one is very easy to do with the `keytool` utility that comes with the Java jdk.

        $ keytool -genkey -alias localhost -keyalg RSA -keystore keycloak.jks -validity 10950
            Enter keystore password: secret
            Re-enter new password: secret
            What is your first and last name?
            [Unknown]:  localhost
            What is the name of your organizational unit?
            [Unknown]:  Keycloak
            What is the name of your organization?
            [Unknown]:  Red Hat
            What is the name of your City or Locality?
            [Unknown]:  Westford
            What is the name of your State or Province?
            [Unknown]:  MA
            What is the two-letter country code for this unit?
            [Unknown]:  US
            Is CN=localhost, OU=Keycloak, O=Test, L=Westford, ST=MA, C=US correct?
            [no]:  yes

You should answer the `What is your first and last name?` question with the DNS name of the machine you're installing the server on. For testing purposes, `localhost` should be used. After executing this command, the `keycloak.jks` file will be generated in the same directory as you executed the `keytool` command in.

If you want a third-party signed certificate, but don't have one, you can obtain one for free at cacert.org. You'll have to do a little set up first before doing this though.

The first thing to do is generate a Certificate Request:

        $ keytool -certreq -alias yourdomain -keystore keycloak.jks > keycloak.careq

Where `yourdomain` is a DNS name for which this certificate is generated for. Keytool generates the request:

        -----BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
        MIIC2jCCAcICAQAwZTELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxCzAJBgNVBAgTAk1BMREwDwYDVQQHEwhXZXN0Zm9y
        ZDEQMA4GA1UEChMHUmVkIEhhdDEQMA4GA1UECxMHUmVkIEhhdDESMBAGA1UEAxMJbG9jYWxob3N0
        MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAr7kck2TaavlEOGbcpi9c0rncY4HhdzmY
        Ax2nZfq1eZEaIPqI5aTxwQZzzLDK9qbeAd8Ji79HzSqnRDxNYaZu7mAYhFKHgixsolE3o5Yfzbw1
        29Rvy+eUVe+WZxv5oo9wolVVpdSINIMEL2LaFhtX/c1dqiqYVpfnvFshZQaIg2nL8juzZcBjj4as
        H98gIS7khql/dkZKsw9NLvyxgJvp7PaXurX29fNf3ihG+oFrL22oFyV54BWWxXCKU/GPn61EGZGw
        Ft2qSIGLdctpMD1aJR2bcnlhEjZKDksjQZoQ5YMXaAGkcYkG6QkgrocDE2YXDbi7GIdf9MegVJ35
        2DQMpwIDAQABoDAwLgYJKoZIhvcNAQkOMSEwHzAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUQwlZJBA+fjiDdiVzaO9vrE/i
        n2swDQYJKoZIhvcNAQELBQADggEBAC5FRvMkhal3q86tHPBYWBuTtmcSjs4qUm6V6f63frhveWHf
        PzRrI1xH272XUIeBk0gtzWo0nNZnf0mMCtUBbHhhDcG82xolikfqibZijoQZCiGiedVjHJFtniDQ
        9bMDUOXEMQ7gHZg5q6mJfNG9MbMpQaUVEEFvfGEQQxbiFK7hRWU8S23/d80e8nExgQxdJWJ6vd0X
        MzzFK6j4Dj55bJVuM7GFmfdNC52pNOD5vYe47Aqh8oajHX9XTycVtPXl45rrWAH33ftbrS8SrZ2S
        vqIFQeuLL3BaHwpl3t7j2lMWcK1p80laAxEASib/fAwrRHpLHBXRcq6uALUOZl4Alt8=
        -----END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----

Send this ca request to your CA. The CA will issue you a signed certificate and send it to you. Before you import your new cert, you must obtain and import the root certificate of the CA. You can download the cert from CA (ie.: root.crt) and import as follows:

        $ keytool -import -keystore keycloak.jks -file root.crt -alias root

Last step is import your new CA generated certificate to your keystore:

        $ keytool -import -alias yourdomain -keystore keycloak.jks -file your-certificate.cer

##### 3.3.5.1.2. Installing the keystore to WildFly

Now that you have a Java keystore with the appropriate certificates, you need to configure your Wildfly installation to use it. First step is to move the keystore file to a directory you can reference in configuration. I like to put it in `standalone/configuration`. Then you need to edit `standalone/configuration/standalone.xml` to enable SSL/HTTPS.

To the `security-realms` element add:

    <security-realm name="UndertowRealm">
            <server-identities>
                <ssl>
                    <keystore path="keycloak.jks" relative-to="jboss.server.config.dir" keystore-password="secret" />
                </ssl>
            </server-identities>
        </security-realm>

Find the element `<server name="default-server">` (it's a child element of `<subsystem xmlns="urn:jboss:domain:undertow:1.0">`) and add:

    <https-listener name="https" socket-binding="https" security-realm="UndertowRealm"/>

Check the Wildfly Undertow documentation for more information on fine tuning the socket connections.

##### 3.3.5.1.3. Installing the keystore to JBoss EAP6/AS7

Now that you have a Java keystore with the appropriate certificates, you need to configure your JBoss EAP6/AS7 installation to use it. First step is to move the keystore file to a directory you can reference in configuration. I like to put it in `standalone/configuration`. Then you need to edit `standalone/configuration/standalone.xml` to enable SSL/HTTPS.

    <subsystem xmlns="urn:jboss:domain:web:1.1" default-virtual-server="default-host" native="false">
       <connector name="http" protocol="HTTP/1.1" scheme="http" socket-binding="http"  redirect-port="443" />
       <connector name="https" scheme="https" protocol="HTTP/1.1" socket-binding="https"
                  enable-lookups="false" secure="true">
           <ssl name="localhost-ssl" password="secret" protocol="TLSv1"
                key-alias="localhost" certificate-key-file="${jboss.server.config.dir}/keycloak.jks" />
       </connector>
            ...
    </subsystem>

Check the JBoss documentation for more information on fine tuning the socket connections.

#### 3.3.5.2. Enable SSL on a Reverse Proxy

Follow the documentation for your web server to enable SSL and configure reverse proxy for Keycloak. It is important that you make sure the web server sets the `X-Forwarded-For` and `X-Forwarded-Proto` headers on the requests made to Keycloak. Next you need to enable `proxy-address-forwarding` on the Keycloak http connector. Assuming that your reverse proxy doesn't use port 8443 for SSL you also need to configure what port http traffic is redirected to. This is done by editing `standalone/configuration/standalone.xml`.

First add `proxy-address-forwarding` and `redirect-socket` to the `http-listener` element:

    <subsystem xmlns="urn:jboss:domain:undertow:1.1">
        ...
        <http-listener name="default" socket-binding="http" proxy-address-forwarding="true" redirect-socket="proxy-https"/>
        ...
    </subsystem>

Then add a new `socket-binding` element to the `socket-binding-group` element:

    <socket-binding-group name="standard-sockets" default-interface="public" port-offset="${jboss.socket.binding.port-offset:0}">
        ...
        <socket-binding name="proxy-https" port="443"/>
        ...
    </socket-binding-group>

Check the WildFly documentation for more information.

#### 3.3.5.3. Enforce HTTPS For Server Connections

Servlet containers can force browsers and other HTTP clients to use HTTPS. You have to configure this in `.../standalone/deployments/auth-server.war/WEB-INF/web.xml`. All you have to do is uncomment out the security constraint.

    <web-app>
     ...
           <security-constraint>
               <web-resource-collection>
                   <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
               </web-resource-collection>
               <user-data-constraint>
                   <transport-guarantee>CONFIDENTIAL</transport-guarantee>
               </user-data-constraint>
           </security-constraint>
    </web-app>

#### 3.3.5.4. Enforce HTTPS at Realm Level

In Keycloak, each realm has an "Require SSL" switch that you should turn on. Log into the adminstration console and set this switch for each realm that Keycloak manages. This switch is on the `Settings>>General` page. While this switch does do similar checks as the security constraint in `web.xml`, it will also force applications and oauth clients to only register HTTPS based redirect URLs.

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