# OptaWeb Employee Rostering User Guide

The OptaPlanner Team
https://www.optaplanner.org/community/team.html
version 8.16.1.Final

## 1. OptaWeb Employee Rostering Introduction

### 1.1. What is OptaWeb Employee Rostering?

Every organization faces planning problems: providing products or services with a limited set of constrained resources (employees, assets, time and money). One such planning problem is employee shift rostering: assigning shifts to employees. OptaWeb is a web application and REST service that solves employee shift rostering problems using the OptaPlanner engine.

### 1.2. Build and Run the Application

To build the project with Maven, run the following command in the project’s root directory:

    mvn clean install -DskipTests

After building the project, run the application with:

    java -jar optaweb-employee-rostering-standalone/target/optaweb-employee-rostering-standalone-*-exec.jar

Then open http://localhost:8080/ to see the web application.

Alternatively, run `npm start` in the `optaweb-employee-rostering-frontend` directory to start the frontend in one terminal, and run `mvn quarkus:dev` in the `optaweb-employee-rostering-backend` directory to start the backend in another terminal.

To run on another port, use `-Dquarkus.http.port=…​​`:

    java -Dquarkus.http.port=18080 -jar optaweb-employee-rostering-standalone/target/quarkus-app/quarkus-run.jar

### 1.3. System Properties

These system properties can overwrite default properties of the application, for example, by passing `-Doptaweb.generator.zoneId="America/New_York"` to Quarkus. These system properties might also be exposed as OpenShift template parameters.

- optaweb.generator.timeZoneId: The time zone ID for the automatically generated tenants. For example `America/New_York`. This defaults to the system default Zone ID.

- optaweb.generator.initial.data: What data to initially put in the database. Supported values are: `EMPTY` (no data) and `DEMO_DATA` (several tenants of various sizes). This defaults to `DEMO_DATA`

## 2. Architecture

## 3. Project Structure

The project is structured in the following folders:

- optaweb-employee-rostering-backend core planning domain model and backend REST api implemented with Quarkus

- optaweb-employee-rostering-benchmark solution benchmark

- optaweb-employee-rostering-distribution assembly logic for the deployment assets

- optaweb-employee-rostering-docs this documentation

- optaweb-employee-rostering-frontend user interface implemented with ReactJS

### 3.1. Domain Model

The domain model is the most important piece of a project based on OptaPlanner. A careful design simplifies the constraint definition. The classes of the domain model are placed in the optaweb-employee-rostering-backend module.

The most important classes to understand the domain model are:

- Shift is the planning entity, where is the defined the relationship with the planning variable employee. Other important fields: `spot`, `rotationEmployee`, `startDateTime`, `endDateTime`.

- Employee is the planning variable, it’s identified by the `name` and has a set of skills (`skillProficiencySet`).

- Roster is the planning solution, `employeeList` is the list of employees (the range of values that can be assigned to the planning variable), the field `score` holds the score (3 levels: hard, medium, soft), the other problem facts are: `skillList`, `spotList`, `employeeAvailabilityList`, `rosterConstraintConfiguration`, `rosterState`, `shiftList`.

### 3.2. Constraints

The constraints are defined in the optaweb-employee-rostering-backend module, with the implementation of the backend REST service.

- The solver configuration file: `optaweb-employee-rostering-backend/src/main/resources/org/optaweb/employeerostering/service/solver/employeeRosteringSolverConfig.xml`

- The constraints definition file: `optaweb-employee-rostering-backend/src/main/resources/org/optaweb/employeerostering/service/solver/employeeRosteringScoreRules.drl`

#### 3.2.1. Constraint definition

The constraints are defined using the DRL language. See: Implementing a score rule.

##### 3.2.1.1. Hard Constraints

Required skill for a shift

    rule "Required skill for a shift"
        when
            Shift(
                    employee != null,
                    !getEmployee().hasSkills(getSpot().getRequiredSkillSet()))
        then
            scoreHolder.addHardConstraintMatch(kcontext, -100);
    end

Condition: there is a shift with an assigned employee that has NOT the skill set required by the spot.

Action: the hard score is decreased by 100 units.

Unavailable time slot for an employee

    rule "Unavailable time slot for an employee"
        when
            EmployeeAvailability(
                    state == EmployeeAvailabilityState.UNAVAILABLE,
                    $e : employee,
                    $startDateTime : startDateTime,
                    $endDateTime : endDateTime)
            Shift(
                    employee == $e,
                    DateTimeUtils.doTimeslotsIntersect($startDateTime,$endDateTime,
                                                       startDateTime, endDateTime))
        then
            scoreHolder.addHardConstraintMatch(kcontext, -50);
    end

Condition: Given an employee unavailability, there is a shift for this employee, the date time interval of the shift intersects the date time interval of the unavailability.

Action: The hard score is decreased by 50 units.

At most one shift assignment per day per employee

    rule "At most one shift assignment per day per employee"
        when
            $s : Shift(
                    employee != null,
                    $e : employee,
                    $leftDay : startDateTime.toLocalDate())
            Shift(
                    employee == $e,
                    startDateTime.toLocalDate() == $leftDay,
                    this != $s)
        then
            scoreHolder.addHardConstraintMatch(kcontext, -10);
    end

Condition: There are two shifts assigned to the same employee, the start date of one shift is equal to the start date of the other shift.

Action: The hard score is decreased by 10 units.

| This rule triggers for any combination of shifts for each employee. So considering `n` employees and `m` shifts, it triggers `n*m^2` times. Luckily, the rules triggers just for shifts that are impacted by a change.

No 2 shifts within 10 hours from each other

    rule "No 2 shifts within 10 hours from each other"
        when
            $s : Shift(
                    employee != null,
                    $e : employee,
                    $leftEndDateTime : endDateTime)
            Shift(
                    employee == $e,
                    $leftEndDateTime <= endDateTime,
                    $leftEndDateTime.until(startDateTime, ChronoUnit.HOURS) < 10,
                    this != $s)
        then
            scoreHolder.addHardConstraintMatch(kcontext, -1);
    end

Condition: There are two shifts assigned to the same employee, the end time of the left shift is prior of the other end time, the time difference between the end time of the left shift and the start time of the other is less than 10 hours.

Action: The hard score is decreased by 1 unit.

Daily minutes must not exceed contract maximum

    rule "Daily minutes must not exceed contract maximum"
        when
            $employee : Employee($contract : contract, $contract.getMaximumMinutesPerDay() != null)
            $s : Shift(employee == $employee, $startDateTime : startDateTime)
            Number( intValue > $contract.getMaximumMinutesPerDay() ) from accumulate(
                Shift(employee == $employee, $shiftStart : startDateTime,
                $shiftEnd : endDateTime,
                $shiftStart.toLocalDate().equals($startDateTime.toLocalDate())),
                sum(Duration.between($shiftStart, $shiftEnd).toMinutes())
            )
        then
            scoreHolder.addHardConstraintMatch(kcontext, -1);
    end

Condition: The sum of the total minutes assigned to one employee in a day is greater than the maximum minutes specified by the employee’s contract.

Action: The hard score is decreased by 1 unit.

The remaining three hard constraints are similar to this last one, but for different time frames specified by the contract (weekly, monthly, yearly).

##### 3.2.1.2. Medium Constraints

Assign every shift

    rule "Assign every shift"
        when
            Shift(employee == null)
        then
            scoreHolder.addMediumConstraintMatch(kcontext, -1);
    end

Condition: There is a shift with no employees assigned.

Action: The medium score is decreased by 1 unit.

##### 3.2.1.3. Soft Constraints

Undesired time slot for an employee

    rule "Undesired time slot for an employee"
        when
        	$rosterConstraintConfiguration : RosterConstraintConfiguration(undesiredTimeSlotWeight != 0)
            EmployeeAvailability(
                    state == EmployeeAvailabilityState.UNDESIRED,
                    $e : employee,
                    $startDateTime : startDateTime,
                    $endDateTime : endDateTime)
            Shift(
                    employee == $e,
                    DateTimeUtils.doTimeslotsIntersect($startDateTime,$endDateTime,
                                                       startDateTime, endDateTime))
        then
            scoreHolder.addSoftConstraintMatch(kcontext, -$rosterConstraintConfiguration.getUndesiredTimeSlotWeight());
    end

| The first line of the `when` clause is a technique to dynamically change the weight of the constraint. If `undesiredTimeSlotWeight` is 0 the constraint is disregarded.

Condition: Given an employee’s undesired date and time slot, there is a shift for this employee such that the date and time interval of the shift intersects the undesired date and time slot.

Action: The soft score is decreased by undesiredTimeSlotWeight units.

Desired time slot for an employee

    rule "Desired time slot for an employee"
        when
            $rosterConstraintConfiguration : RosterConstraintConfiguration(desiredTimeSlotWeight != 0)
            EmployeeAvailability(
                    state == EmployeeAvailabilityState.DESIRED,
                    $e : employee,
                    $startDateTime : startDateTime,
                    $endDateTime : endDateTime)
            Shift(
                    employee == $e,
                    DateTimeUtils.doTimeslotsIntersect($startDateTime,$endDateTime,
                                                       startDateTime, endDateTime))
        then
            scoreHolder.addSoftConstraintMatch(kcontext, +$rosterConstraintConfiguration.getDesiredTimeSlotWeight());
    end

| The first line of the `when` clause is a technique to dynamically change the weight of the constraint. If `desiredTimeSlotWeight` is 0 the constraint is disregarded.

Condition: Given an employee desired date and time slot, there is a shift for this employee such that the date and time interval of the shift intersects the desired date and time slot.

Action: The soft score is increased by desiredTimeSlotWeight units.

Employee is not rotation employee

    rule "Employee is not rotation employee"
        when
        	$rosterConstraintConfiguration : RosterConstraintConfiguration(rotationEmployeeMatchWeight != 0)
            Shift(
                    rotationEmployee != null, employee != null, employee != rotationEmployee)
        then
            scoreHolder.addSoftConstraintMatch(kcontext, -$rosterConstraintConfiguration.getRotationEmployeeMatchWeight());
    end

| The first line of the `when` clause is a technique to dynamically change the weight of the constraint. If `rotationEmployeeMatchWeight` is 0 the constraint is disregarded.

| In general, employees desire to work following a regular schedule: a rotation plan. This represents a starting point for the actual schedule that is influenced by other factors (e.g. temporary unavailability). For this reason, all Shifts are initialized with a `rotationEmployee`.

Condition: There a shift that is assigned to an employee which is not the rotation employee.

Action: The soft score is decreased by rotationEmployeeMatchWeight units.

## 4. Features in OptaWeb Employee Rostering

### 4.1. Test the JPA Database with H2

Before testing the database, make sure the application backend is running. If the application isn’t running, run the following in the `optaweb-employee-rostering-backend` directory:

    mvn quarkus:dev

Go to http://localhost:8080/h2-console to view the H2 database console. Enter `org.h2.Driver` in the `Driver Class` field and `jdbc:h2:mem:employeerostering` in the `JDBC URL` field, and keep the other default values. Connect, and click on the entities on the left to run SQL statements. This console allows you to view and modify the application database.

### 4.2. Test the REST API

As with testing the database, make sure the application backend is running to test the REST API. Go to http://localhost:8080/swagger-ui.html to view documentation and test the REST methods.