package se.unlogic.standardutils.crypto;

import org.apache.log4j.Logger;

/**
 * <p>
 * Encodes and decodes to and from Base64 notation.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * Homepage: <a href="http://iharder.net/base64">http://iharder.net/base64</a>.
 * </p>
 *
 * <p>
 * Example:
 * </p>
 *
 * <code>String encoded = Base64.encode( myByteArray );</code> <br />
 * <code>byte[] myByteArray = Base64.decode( encoded );</code>
 *
 * <p>
 * The <tt>options</tt> parameter, which appears in a few places, is used to pass several pieces of information to the encoder. In the "higher level" methods
 * such as encodeBytes( bytes, options ) the options parameter can be used to indicate such things as first gzipping the bytes before encoding them, not
 * inserting linefeeds, and encoding using the URL-safe and Ordered dialects.
 * </p>
 *
 * <p>
 * Note, according to <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">RFC3548</a>, Section 2.1, implementations should not add line feeds unless explicitly told
 * to do so. I've got Base64 set to this behavior now, although earlier versions broke lines by default.
 * </p>
 *
 * <p>
 * The constants defined in Base64 can be OR-ed together to combine options, so you might make a call like this:
 * </p>
 *
 * <code>String encoded = Base64.encodeBytes( mybytes, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DO_BREAK_LINES );</code>
 * <p>
 * to compress the data before encoding it and then making the output have newline characters.
 * </p>
 * <p>
 * Also...
 * </p>
 * <code>String encoded = Base64.encodeBytes( crazyString.getBytes() );</code>
 *
 *
 *
 * <p>
 * Change Log:
 * </p>
 * <ul>
 * <li>v2.3.7 - Fixed subtle bug when base 64 input stream contained the value 01111111, which is an invalid base 64 character but should not throw an
 * ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException either. Led to discovery of mishandling (or potential for better handling) of other bad input characters. You should now get
 * an IOException if you try decoding something that has bad characters in it.</li>
 * <li>v2.3.6 - Fixed bug when breaking lines and the final byte of the encoded string ended in the last column; the buffer was not properly shrunk and
 * contained an extra (null) byte that made it into the string.</li>
 * <li>v2.3.5 - Fixed bug in {@link #encodeFromFile} where estimated buffer size was wrong for files of size 31, 34, and 37 bytes.</li>
 * <li>v2.3.4 - Fixed bug when working with gzipped streams whereby flushing the Base64.OutputStream closed the Base64 encoding (by padding with equals signs)
 * too soon. Also added an option to suppress the automatic decoding of gzipped streams. Also added experimental support for specifying a class loader when
 * using the {@link #decodeToObject(java.lang.String, int, java.lang.ClassLoader)} method.</li>
 * <li>v2.3.3 - Changed default char encoding to US-ASCII which reduces the internal Java footprint with its CharEncoders and so forth. Fixed some javadocs that
 * were inconsistent. Removed imports and specified things like java.io.IOException explicitly inline.</li>
 * <li>v2.3.2 - Reduced memory footprint! Finally refined the "guessing" of how big the final encoded data will be so that the code doesn't have to create two
 * output arrays: an oversized initial one and then a final, exact-sized one. Big win when using the {@link #encodeBytesToBytes(byte[])} family of methods (and
 * not using the gzip options which uses a different mechanism with streams and stuff).</li>
 * <li>v2.3.1 - Added {@link #encodeBytesToBytes(byte[], int, int, int)} and some similar helper methods to be more efficient with memory by not returning a
 * String but just a byte array.</li>
 * <li>v2.3 - <strong>This is not a drop-in replacement!</strong> This is two years of comments and bug fixes queued up and finally executed. Thanks to everyone
 * who sent me stuff, and I'm sorry I wasn't able to distribute your fixes to everyone else. Much bad coding was cleaned up including throwing exceptions where
 * necessary instead of returning null values or something similar. Here are some changes that may affect you:
 * <ul>
 * <li><em>Does not break lines, by default.</em> This is to keep in compliance with <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">RFC3548</a>.</li>
 * <li><em>Throws exceptions instead of returning null values.</em> Because some operations (especially those that may permit the GZIP option) use IO streams,
 * there is a possiblity of an java.io.IOException being thrown. After some discussion and thought, I've changed the behavior of the methods to throw
 * java.io.IOExceptions rather than return null if ever there's an error. I think this is more appropriate, though it will require some changes to your code.
 * Sorry, it should have been done this way to begin with.</li>
 * <li><em>Removed all references to System.out, System.err, and the like.</em> Shame on me. All I can say is sorry they were ever there.</li>
 * <li><em>Throws NullPointerExceptions and IllegalArgumentExceptions</em> as needed such as when passed arrays are null or offsets are invalid.</li>
 * <li>Cleaned up as much javadoc as I could to avoid any javadoc warnings. This was especially annoying before for people who were thorough in their own
 * projects and then had gobs of javadoc warnings on this file.</li>
 * </ul>
 * <li>v2.2.1 - Fixed bug using URL_SAFE and ORDERED encodings. Fixed bug when using very small files (~&lt; 40 bytes).</li>
 * <li>v2.2 - Added some helper methods for encoding/decoding directly from one file to the next. Also added a main() method to support command line
 * encoding/decoding from one file to the next. Also added these Base64 dialects:
 * <ol>
 * <li>The default is RFC3548 format.</li>
 * <li>Calling Base64.setFormat(Base64.BASE64_FORMAT.URLSAFE_FORMAT) generates URL and file name friendly format as described in Section 4 of RFC3548.
 * http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</li>
 * <li>Calling Base64.setFormat(Base64.BASE64_FORMAT.ORDERED_FORMAT) generates URL and file name friendly format that preserves lexical ordering as described in
 * http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</li>
 * </ol>
 * Special thanks to Jim Kellerman at <a href="http://www.powerset.com/">http://www.powerset.com/</a> for contributing the new Base64 dialects.</li>
 *
 * <li>v2.1 - Cleaned up javadoc comments and unused variables and methods. Added some convenience methods for reading and writing to and from files.</li>
 * <li>v2.0.2 - Now specifies UTF-8 encoding in places where the code fails on systems with other encodings (like EBCDIC).</li>
 * <li>v2.0.1 - Fixed an error when decoding a single byte, that is, when the encoded data was a single byte.</li>
 * <li>v2.0 - I got rid of methods that used booleans to set options. Now everything is more consolidated and cleaner. The code now detects when data that's
 * being decoded is gzip-compressed and will decompress it automatically. Generally things are cleaner. You'll probably have to change some method calls that
 * you were making to support the new options format (<tt>int</tt>s that you "OR" together).</li>
 * <li>v1.5.1 - Fixed bug when decompressing and decoding to a byte[] using <tt>decode( String s, boolean gzipCompressed )</tt>. Added the ability to "suspend"
 * encoding in the Output Stream so you can turn on and off the encoding if you need to embed base64 data in an otherwise "normal" stream (like an XML file).</li>
 * <li>v1.5 - Output stream pases on flush() command but doesn't do anything itself. This helps when using GZIP streams. Added the ability to GZip-compress
 * objects before encoding them.</li>
 * <li>v1.4 - Added helper methods to read/write files.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.6 - Fixed OutputStream.flush() so that 'position' is reset.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.5 - Added flag to turn on and off line breaks. Fixed bug in input stream where last buffer being read, if not completely full, was not returned.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.4 - Fixed when "improperly padded stream" error was thrown at the wrong time.</li>
 * <li>v1.3.3 - Fixed I/O streams which were totally messed up.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>
 * I am placing this code in the Public Domain. Do with it as you will. This software comes with no guarantees or warranties but with plenty of well-wishing
 * instead! Please visit <a href="http://iharder.net/base64">http://iharder.net/base64</a> periodically to check for updates or to contribute improvements.
 * </p>
 *
 * @author Robert Harder
 * @author rob@iharder.net
 * @version 2.3.7
 */
public class Base64 {

   /* ******** P U B L I C F I E L D S ******** */

   /** No options specified. Value is zero. */
   public static final int NO_OPTIONS = 0;

   /** Specify encoding in first bit. Value is one. */
   public static final int ENCODE = 1;

   /** Specify decoding in first bit. Value is zero. */
   public static final int DECODE = 0;

   /** Specify that data should be gzip-compressed in second bit. Value is two. */
   public static final int GZIP = 2;

   /** Specify that gzipped data should <em>not</em> be automatically gunzipped. */
   public static final int DONT_GUNZIP = 4;

   /** Do break lines when encoding. Value is 8. */
   public static final int DO_BREAK_LINES = 8;

   /**
    * Encode using Base64-like encoding that is URL- and Filename-safe as described in Section 4 of RFC3548: <a
    * href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</a>. It is important to note that data encoded this way is
    * <em>not</em> officially valid Base64, or at the very least should not be called Base64 without also specifying that is was encoded using the URL- and
    * Filename-safe dialect.
    */
   public static final int URL_SAFE = 16;

   /**
    * Encode using the special "ordered" dialect of Base64 described here: <a
    * href="http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html">http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</a>.
    */
   public static final int ORDERED = 32;

   /* ******** P R I V A T E F I E L D S ******** */

   /** Maximum line length (76) of Base64 output. */
   private static final int MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 76;

   /** The equals sign (=) as a byte. */
   private static final byte EQUALS_SIGN = (byte) '=';

   /** The new line character (\n) as a byte. */
   private static final byte NEW_LINE = (byte) '\n';

   /** Preferred encoding. */
   private static final String PREFERRED_ENCODING = "US-ASCII";

   private static final byte WHITE_SPACE_ENC = -5; // Indicates white space in encoding
   private static final byte EQUALS_SIGN_ENC = -1; // Indicates equals sign in encoding

   private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(Base64.class);

   /* ******** S T A N D A R D B A S E 6 4 A L P H A B E T ******** */

   /** The 64 valid Base64 values. */
   /* Host platform me be something funny like EBCDIC, so we hardcode these values. */
   private static final byte[] _STANDARD_ALPHABET = {
      (byte) 'A', (byte) 'B', (byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G',
      (byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N',
      (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U',
      (byte) 'V', (byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z',
      (byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f', (byte) 'g',
      (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n',
      (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u',
      (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x', (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z',
      (byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4', (byte) '5',
      (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9', (byte) '+', (byte) '/'
   };

   /**
    * Translates a Base64 value to either its 6-bit reconstruction value or a negative number indicating some other meaning.
    **/
   private static final byte[] _STANDARD_DECODABET = {
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal  0 -  8
      -5, -5, // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
      -9, -9, // Decimal 11 - 12
      -5, // Whitespace: Carriage Return
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 14 - 26
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 27 - 31
      -5, // Whitespace: Space
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 33 - 42
      62, // Plus sign at decimal 43
      -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 44 - 46
      63, // Slash at decimal 47
      52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, // Numbers zero through nine
      -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 58 - 60
      -1, // Equals sign at decimal 61
      -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 62 - 64
      0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, // Letters 'A' through 'N'
      14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, // Letters 'O' through 'Z'
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 91 - 96
      26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, // Letters 'a' through 'm'
      39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, // Letters 'n' through 'z'
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9 // Decimal 123 - 127
      , -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 128 - 139
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 140 - 152
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 153 - 165
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 166 - 178
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 179 - 191
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 192 - 204
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 205 - 217
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 218 - 230
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 231 - 243
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9 // Decimal 244 - 255
   };

   /* ******** U R L S A F E B A S E 6 4 A L P H A B E T ******** */

   /**
    * Used in the URL- and Filename-safe dialect described in Section 4 of RFC3548: <a
    * href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html">http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3548.html</a>. Notice that the last two bytes become "hyphen" and "underscore"
    * instead of "plus" and "slash."
    */
   private static final byte[] _URL_SAFE_ALPHABET = {
      (byte) 'A', (byte) 'B', (byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G',
      (byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N',
      (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U',
      (byte) 'V', (byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z',
      (byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f', (byte) 'g',
      (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n',
      (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u',
      (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x', (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z',
      (byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4', (byte) '5',
      (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9', (byte) '-', (byte) '_'
   };

   /**
    * Used in decoding URL- and Filename-safe dialects of Base64.
    */
   private static final byte[] _URL_SAFE_DECODABET = {
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal  0 -  8
      -5, -5, // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
      -9, -9, // Decimal 11 - 12
      -5, // Whitespace: Carriage Return
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 14 - 26
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 27 - 31
      -5, // Whitespace: Space
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 33 - 42
      -9, // Plus sign at decimal 43
      -9, // Decimal 44
      62, // Minus sign at decimal 45
      -9, // Decimal 46
      -9, // Slash at decimal 47
      52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, // Numbers zero through nine
      -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 58 - 60
      -1, // Equals sign at decimal 61
      -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 62 - 64
      0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, // Letters 'A' through 'N'
      14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, // Letters 'O' through 'Z'
      -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 91 - 94
      63, // Underscore at decimal 95
      -9, // Decimal 96
      26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, // Letters 'a' through 'm'
      39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, // Letters 'n' through 'z'
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9 // Decimal 123 - 127
      , -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 128 - 139
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 140 - 152
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 153 - 165
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 166 - 178
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 179 - 191
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 192 - 204
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 205 - 217
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 218 - 230
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 231 - 243
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9 // Decimal 244 - 255
   };

   /* ******** O R D E R E D B A S E 6 4 A L P H A B E T ******** */

   /**
    * I don't get the point of this technique, but someone requested it, and it is described here: <a
    * href="http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html">http://www.faqs.org/qa/rfcc-1940.html</a>.
    */
   private static final byte[] _ORDERED_ALPHABET = {
      (byte) '-',
      (byte) '0', (byte) '1', (byte) '2', (byte) '3', (byte) '4',
      (byte) '5', (byte) '6', (byte) '7', (byte) '8', (byte) '9',
      (byte) 'A', (byte) 'B', (byte) 'C', (byte) 'D', (byte) 'E', (byte) 'F', (byte) 'G',
      (byte) 'H', (byte) 'I', (byte) 'J', (byte) 'K', (byte) 'L', (byte) 'M', (byte) 'N',
      (byte) 'O', (byte) 'P', (byte) 'Q', (byte) 'R', (byte) 'S', (byte) 'T', (byte) 'U',
      (byte) 'V', (byte) 'W', (byte) 'X', (byte) 'Y', (byte) 'Z',
      (byte) '_',
      (byte) 'a', (byte) 'b', (byte) 'c', (byte) 'd', (byte) 'e', (byte) 'f', (byte) 'g',
      (byte) 'h', (byte) 'i', (byte) 'j', (byte) 'k', (byte) 'l', (byte) 'm', (byte) 'n',
      (byte) 'o', (byte) 'p', (byte) 'q', (byte) 'r', (byte) 's', (byte) 't', (byte) 'u',
      (byte) 'v', (byte) 'w', (byte) 'x', (byte) 'y', (byte) 'z'
   };

   /**
    * Used in decoding the "ordered" dialect of Base64.
    */
   private static final byte[] _ORDERED_DECODABET = {
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal  0 -  8
      -5, -5, // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
      -9, -9, // Decimal 11 - 12
      -5, // Whitespace: Carriage Return
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 14 - 26
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 27 - 31
      -5, // Whitespace: Space
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 33 - 42
      -9, // Plus sign at decimal 43
      -9, // Decimal 44
      0, // Minus sign at decimal 45
      -9, // Decimal 46
      -9, // Slash at decimal 47
      1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, // Numbers zero through nine
      -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 58 - 60
      -1, // Equals sign at decimal 61
      -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 62 - 64
      11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, // Letters 'A' through 'M'
      24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, // Letters 'N' through 'Z'
      -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 91 - 94
      37, // Underscore at decimal 95
      -9, // Decimal 96
      38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, // Letters 'a' through 'm'
      51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, // Letters 'n' through 'z'
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9 // Decimal 123 - 127
      , -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 128 - 139
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 140 - 152
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 153 - 165
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 166 - 178
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 179 - 191
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 192 - 204
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 205 - 217
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 218 - 230
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, // Decimal 231 - 243
      -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9, -9 // Decimal 244 - 255
   };

   /* ******** D E T E R M I N E W H I C H A L H A B E T ******** */

   /**
    * Returns one of the _SOMETHING_ALPHABET byte arrays depending on the options specified. It's possible, though silly, to specify ORDERED <b>and</b> URLSAFE
    * in which case one of them will be picked, though there is no guarantee as to which one will be picked.
    */
   private static byte[] getAlphabet(int options) {

      if ((options & URL_SAFE) == URL_SAFE) {
         return _URL_SAFE_ALPHABET;
      } else if ((options & ORDERED) == ORDERED) {
         return _ORDERED_ALPHABET;
      } else {
         return _STANDARD_ALPHABET;
      }
   } // end getAlphabet

   /**
    * Returns one of the _SOMETHING_DECODABET byte arrays depending on the options specified. It's possible, though silly, to specify ORDERED and URL_SAFE in
    * which case one of them will be picked, though there is no guarantee as to which one will be picked.
    */
   private static byte[] getDecodabet(int options) {

      if ((options & URL_SAFE) == URL_SAFE) {
         return _URL_SAFE_DECODABET;
      } else if ((options & ORDERED) == ORDERED) {
         return _ORDERED_DECODABET;
      } else {
         return _STANDARD_DECODABET;
      }
   } // end getAlphabet

   /** Defeats instantiation. */
   private Base64() {

   }

   /* ******** E N C O D I N G M E T H O D S ******** */

   /**
    * Encodes up to the first three bytes of array <var>threeBytes</var> and returns a four-byte array in Base64 notation. The actual number of significant
    * bytes in your array is given by <var>numSigBytes</var>. The array <var>threeBytes</var> needs only be as big as <var>numSigBytes</var>. Code can reuse a
    * byte array by passing a four-byte array as <var>b4</var>.
    *
    * @param b4 A reusable byte array to reduce array instantiation
    * @param threeBytes the array to convert
    * @param numSigBytes the number of significant bytes in your array
    * @return four byte array in Base64 notation.
    * @since 1.5.1
    */
   private static byte[] encode3to4(byte[] b4, byte[] threeBytes, int numSigBytes, int options) {

      encode3to4(threeBytes, 0, numSigBytes, b4, 0, options);
      return b4;
   } // end encode3to4

   /**
    * <p>
    * Encodes up to three bytes of the array <var>source</var> and writes the resulting four Base64 bytes to <var>destination</var>. The source and destination
    * arrays can be manipulated anywhere along their length by specifying <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>. This method does not check to make
    * sure your arrays are large enough to accomodate <var>srcOffset</var> + 3 for the <var>source</var> array or <var>destOffset</var> + 4 for the
    * <var>destination</var> array. The actual number of significant bytes in your array is given by <var>numSigBytes</var>.
    * </p>
    * <p>
    * This is the lowest level of the encoding methods with all possible parameters.
    * </p>
    *
    * @param source the array to convert
    * @param srcOffset the index where conversion begins
    * @param numSigBytes the number of significant bytes in your array
    * @param destination the array to hold the conversion
    * @param destOffset the index where output will be put
    * @return the <var>destination</var> array
    * @since 1.3
    */
   private static byte[] encode3to4(
         byte[] source, int srcOffset, int numSigBytes,
         byte[] destination, int destOffset, int options) {

      byte[] ALPHABET = getAlphabet(options);

      //           1         2         3
      // 01234567890123456789012345678901 Bit position
      // --------000000001111111122222222 Array position from threeBytes
      // --------|    ||    ||    ||    | Six bit groups to index ALPHABET
      //          >>18  >>12  >> 6  >> 0  Right shift necessary
      //                0x3f  0x3f  0x3f  Additional AND

      // Create buffer with zero-padding if there are only one or two
      // significant bytes passed in the array.
      // We have to shift left 24 in order to flush out the 1's that appear
      // when Java treats a value as negative that is cast from a byte to an int.
      int inBuff = (numSigBytes > 0 ? ((source[srcOffset] << 24) >>> 8) : 0)
         | (numSigBytes > 1 ? ((source[srcOffset + 1] << 24) >>> 16) : 0)
         | (numSigBytes > 2 ? ((source[srcOffset + 2] << 24) >>> 24) : 0);

      switch (numSigBytes) {
         case 3:
            destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
            destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 2] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 6) & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 3] = ALPHABET[(inBuff) & 0x3f];
            return destination;

         case 2:
            destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
            destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 2] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 6) & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 3] = EQUALS_SIGN;
            return destination;

         case 1:
            destination[destOffset] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 18)];
            destination[destOffset + 1] = ALPHABET[(inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f];
            destination[destOffset + 2] = EQUALS_SIGN;
            destination[destOffset + 3] = EQUALS_SIGN;
            return destination;

         default:
            return destination;
      } // end switch
   } // end encode3to4

   /**
    * Performs Base64 encoding on the <code>raw</code> ByteBuffer, writing it to the <code>encoded</code> ByteBuffer. This is an experimental feature.
    * Currently it does not pass along any options (such as {@link #DO_BREAK_LINES} or {@link #GZIP}.
    *
    * @param raw input buffer
    * @param encoded output buffer
    * @since 2.3
    */
   public static void encode(java.nio.ByteBuffer raw, java.nio.ByteBuffer encoded) {

      byte[] raw3 = new byte[3];
      byte[] enc4 = new byte[4];

      while (raw.hasRemaining()) {
         int rem = Math.min(3, raw.remaining());
         raw.get(raw3, 0, rem);
         Base64.encode3to4(enc4, raw3, rem, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
         encoded.put(enc4);
      } // end input remaining
   }

   /**
    * Performs Base64 encoding on the <code>raw</code> ByteBuffer, writing it to the <code>encoded</code> CharBuffer. This is an experimental feature.
    * Currently it does not pass along any options (such as {@link #DO_BREAK_LINES} or {@link #GZIP}.
    *
    * @param raw input buffer
    * @param encoded output buffer
    * @since 2.3
    */
   public static void encode(java.nio.ByteBuffer raw, java.nio.CharBuffer encoded) {

      byte[] raw3 = new byte[3];
      byte[] enc4 = new byte[4];

      while (raw.hasRemaining()) {
         int rem = Math.min(3, raw.remaining());
         raw.get(raw3, 0, rem);
         Base64.encode3to4(enc4, raw3, rem, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
         for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
            encoded.put((char) (enc4[i] & 0xFF));
         }
      } // end input remaining
   }

   /**
    * Serializes an object and returns the Base64-encoded version of that serialized object.
    *
    * <p>
    * As of v 2.3, if the object cannot be serialized or there is another error, the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In
    * earlier versions, it just returned a null value, but in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.
    * </p>
    *
    * The object is not GZip-compressed before being encoded.
    *
    * @param serializableObject The object to encode
    * @return The Base64-encoded object
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @throws NullPointerException if serializedObject is null
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static String encodeObject(java.io.Serializable serializableObject)
      throws java.io.IOException {

      return encodeObject(serializableObject, NO_OPTIONS);
   } // end encodeObject

   /**
    * Serializes an object and returns the Base64-encoded version of that serialized object.
    *
    * <p>
    * As of v 2.3, if the object cannot be serialized or there is another error, the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In
    * earlier versions, it just returned a null value, but in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.
    * </p>
    *
    * The object is not GZip-compressed before being encoded.
    * <p>
    * Example options:
    *
    * <pre>
    *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
    *   DO_BREAK_LINES: break lines at 76 characters
    * </pre>
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeObject( myObj, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeObject( myObj, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DO_BREAK_LINES )</code>
    *
    * @param serializableObject The object to encode
    * @param options Specified options
    * @return The Base64-encoded object
    * @see Base64#GZIP
    * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @since 2.0
    */
   public static String encodeObject(java.io.Serializable serializableObject, int options)
      throws java.io.IOException {

      if (serializableObject == null) {
         throw new NullPointerException("Cannot serialize a null object.");
      } // end if: null

      // Streams
      java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
      java.io.OutputStream b64os = null;
      java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream gzos = null;
      java.io.ObjectOutputStream oos = null;

      try {
         // ObjectOutputStream -> (GZIP) -> Base64 -> ByteArrayOutputStream
         baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
         b64os = new Base64.OutputStream(baos, ENCODE | options);
         if ((options & GZIP) != 0) {
            // Gzip
            gzos = new java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream(b64os);
            oos = new java.io.ObjectOutputStream(gzos);
         } else {
            // Not gzipped
            oos = new java.io.ObjectOutputStream(b64os);
         }
         oos.writeObject(serializableObject);
      } // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e) {
         // Catch it and then throw it immediately so that
         // the finally{} block is called for cleanup.
         throw e;
      } // end catch
      finally {
         try {
            oos.close();
         } catch (Exception e) {}
         try {
            gzos.close();
         } catch (Exception e) {}
         try {
            b64os.close();
         } catch (Exception e) {}
         try {
            baos.close();
         } catch (Exception e) {}
      } // end finally

      // Return value according to relevant encoding.
      try {
         return new String(baos.toByteArray(), PREFERRED_ENCODING);
      } // end try
      catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uue) {
         // Fall back to some Java default
         return new String(baos.toByteArray());
      } // end catch

   } // end encode

   /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation. Does not GZip-compress data.
    *
    * @param source The data to convert
    * @return The data in Base64-encoded form
    * @throws NullPointerException if source array is null
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source) {

      // Since we're not going to have the GZIP encoding turned on,
      // we're not going to have an java.io.IOException thrown, so
      // we should not force the user to have to catch it.
      String encoded = null;
      try {
         encoded = encodeBytes(source, 0, source.length, NO_OPTIONS);
      } catch (java.io.IOException ex) {
         assert false : ex.getMessage();
      } // end catch
      assert encoded != null;
      return encoded;
   } // end encodeBytes

   /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
    * <p>
    * Example options:
    *
    * <pre>
    *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
    *   DO_BREAK_LINES: break lines at 76 characters
    *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
    * </pre>
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DO_BREAK_LINES )</code>
    *
    *
    * <p>
    * As of v 2.3, if there is an error with the GZIP stream, the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In earlier versions, it
    * just returned a null value, but in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.
    * </p>
    *
    *
    * @param source The data to convert
    * @param options Specified options
    * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
    * @see Base64#GZIP
    * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @throws NullPointerException if source array is null
    * @since 2.0
    */
   public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source, int options) throws java.io.IOException {

      return encodeBytes(source, 0, source.length, options);
   } // end encodeBytes

   /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation. Does not GZip-compress data.
    *
    * <p>
    * As of v 2.3, if there is an error, the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In earlier versions, it just returned a null
    * value, but in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.
    * </p>
    *
    *
    * @param source The data to convert
    * @param off Offset in array where conversion should begin
    * @param len Length of data to convert
    * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
    * @throws NullPointerException if source array is null
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException if source array, offset, or length are invalid
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source, int off, int len) {

      // Since we're not going to have the GZIP encoding turned on,
      // we're not going to have an java.io.IOException thrown, so
      // we should not force the user to have to catch it.
      String encoded = null;
      try {
         encoded = encodeBytes(source, off, len, NO_OPTIONS);
      } catch (java.io.IOException ex) {
         assert false : ex.getMessage();
      } // end catch
      assert encoded != null;
      return encoded;
   } // end encodeBytes

   /**
    * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
    * <p>
    * Example options:
    *
    * <pre>
    *   GZIP: gzip-compresses object before encoding it.
    *   DO_BREAK_LINES: break lines at 76 characters
    *     <i>Note: Technically, this makes your encoding non-compliant.</i>
    * </pre>
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP )</code> or
    * <p>
    * Example: <code>encodeBytes( myData, Base64.GZIP | Base64.DO_BREAK_LINES )</code>
    *
    *
    * <p>
    * As of v 2.3, if there is an error with the GZIP stream, the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In earlier versions, it
    * just returned a null value, but in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.
    * </p>
    *
    *
    * @param source The data to convert
    * @param off Offset in array where conversion should begin
    * @param len Length of data to convert
    * @param options Specified options
    * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
    * @see Base64#GZIP
    * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @throws NullPointerException if source array is null
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException if source array, offset, or length are invalid
    * @since 2.0
    */
   public static String encodeBytes(byte[] source, int off, int len, int options) throws java.io.IOException {

      byte[] encoded = encodeBytesToBytes(source, off, len, options);

      // Return value according to relevant encoding.
      try {
         return new String(encoded, PREFERRED_ENCODING);
      } // end try
      catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uue) {
         return new String(encoded);
      } // end catch

   } // end encodeBytes

   /**
    * Similar to {@link #encodeBytes(byte[])} but returns a byte array instead of instantiating a String. This is more efficient if you're working with I/O
    * streams and have large data sets to encode.
    *
    *
    * @param source The data to convert
    * @return The Base64-encoded data as a byte[] (of ASCII characters)
    * @throws NullPointerException if source array is null
    * @since 2.3.1
    */
   public static byte[] encodeBytesToBytes(byte[] source) {

      byte[] encoded = null;
      try {
         encoded = encodeBytesToBytes(source, 0, source.length, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
      } catch (java.io.IOException ex) {
         assert false : "IOExceptions only come from GZipping, which is turned off: " + ex.getMessage();
      }
      return encoded;
   }

   /**
    * Similar to {@link #encodeBytes(byte[], int, int, int)} but returns a byte array instead of instantiating a String. This is more efficient if you're
    * working with I/O streams and have large data sets to encode.
    *
    *
    * @param source The data to convert
    * @param off Offset in array where conversion should begin
    * @param len Length of data to convert
    * @param options Specified options
    * @return The Base64-encoded data as a String
    * @see Base64#GZIP
    * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @throws NullPointerException if source array is null
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException if source array, offset, or length are invalid
    * @since 2.3.1
    */
   public static byte[] encodeBytesToBytes(byte[] source, int off, int len, int options) throws java.io.IOException {

      if (source == null) {
         throw new NullPointerException("Cannot serialize a null array.");
      } // end if: null

      if (off < 0) {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot have negative offset: " + off);
      } // end if: off < 0

      if (len < 0) {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot have length offset: " + len);
      } // end if: len < 0

      if (off + len > source.length) {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException(
               String.format("Cannot have offset of %d and length of %d with array of length %d", off, len, source.length));
      } // end if: off < 0

      // Compress?
      if ((options & GZIP) != 0) {
         java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
         java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream gzos = null;
         Base64.OutputStream b64os = null;

         try {
            // GZip -> Base64 -> ByteArray
            baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
            b64os = new Base64.OutputStream(baos, ENCODE | options);
            gzos = new java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream(b64os);

            gzos.write(source, off, len);
            gzos.close();
         } // end try
         catch (java.io.IOException e) {
            // Catch it and then throw it immediately so that
            // the finally{} block is called for cleanup.
            throw e;
         } // end catch
         finally {
            try {
               gzos.close();
            } catch (Exception e) {}
            try {
               b64os.close();
            } catch (Exception e) {}
            try {
               baos.close();
            } catch (Exception e) {}
         } // end finally

         return baos.toByteArray();
      } // end if: compress

      // Else, don't compress. Better not to use streams at all then.
      else {
         boolean breakLines = (options & DO_BREAK_LINES) != 0;

         //int    len43   = len * 4 / 3;
         //byte[] outBuff = new byte[   ( len43 )                      // Main 4:3
         //                           + ( (len % 3) > 0 ? 4 : 0 )      // Account for padding
         //                           + (breakLines ? ( len43 / MAX_LINE_LENGTH ) : 0) ]; // New lines
         // Try to determine more precisely how big the array needs to be.
         // If we get it right, we don't have to do an array copy, and
         // we save a bunch of memory.
         int encLen = (len / 3) * 4 + (len % 3 > 0 ? 4 : 0); // Bytes needed for actual encoding
         if (breakLines) {
            encLen += encLen / MAX_LINE_LENGTH; // Plus extra newline characters
         }
         byte[] outBuff = new byte[encLen];

         int d = 0;
         int e = 0;
         int len2 = len - 2;
         int lineLength = 0;
         for (; d < len2; d += 3, e += 4) {
            encode3to4(source, d + off, 3, outBuff, e, options);

            lineLength += 4;
            if (breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
               outBuff[e + 4] = NEW_LINE;
               e++;
               lineLength = 0;
            } // end if: end of line
         } // en dfor: each piece of array

         if (d < len) {
            encode3to4(source, d + off, len - d, outBuff, e, options);
            e += 4;
         } // end if: some padding needed

         // Only resize array if we didn't guess it right.
         if (e <= outBuff.length - 1) {
            // If breaking lines and the last byte falls right at
            // the line length (76 bytes per line), there will be
            // one extra byte, and the array will need to be resized.
            // Not too bad of an estimate on array size, I'd say.
            byte[] finalOut = new byte[e];
            System.arraycopy(outBuff, 0, finalOut, 0, e);
            //System.err.println("Having to resize array from " + outBuff.length + " to " + e );
            return finalOut;
         } else {
            //System.err.println("No need to resize array.");
            return outBuff;
         }

      } // end else: don't compress

   } // end encodeBytesToBytes

   /* ******** D E C O D I N G M E T H O D S ******** */

   /**
    * Decodes four bytes from array <var>source</var> and writes the resulting bytes (up to three of them) to <var>destination</var>. The source and
    * destination arrays can be manipulated anywhere along their length by specifying <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>. This method does not
    * check to make sure your arrays are large enough to accomodate <var>srcOffset</var> + 4 for the <var>source</var> array or <var>destOffset</var> + 3 for
    * the <var>destination</var> array. This method returns the actual number of bytes that were converted from the Base64 encoding.
    * <p>
    * This is the lowest level of the decoding methods with all possible parameters.
    * </p>
    *
    *
    * @param source the array to convert
    * @param srcOffset the index where conversion begins
    * @param destination the array to hold the conversion
    * @param destOffset the index where output will be put
    * @param options alphabet type is pulled from this (standard, url-safe, ordered)
    * @return the number of decoded bytes converted
    * @throws NullPointerException if source or destination arrays are null
    * @throws IllegalArgumentException if srcOffset or destOffset are invalid or there is not enough room in the array.
    * @since 1.3
    */
   private static int decode4to3(
         byte[] source, int srcOffset,
         byte[] destination, int destOffset, int options) {

      // Lots of error checking and exception throwing
      if (source == null) {
         throw new NullPointerException("Source array was null.");
      } // end if
      if (destination == null) {
         throw new NullPointerException("Destination array was null.");
      } // end if
      if (srcOffset < 0 || srcOffset + 3 >= source.length) {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
               "Source array with length %d cannot have offset of %d and still process four bytes.", source.length, srcOffset));
      } // end if
      if (destOffset < 0 || destOffset + 2 >= destination.length) {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
               "Destination array with length %d cannot have offset of %d and still store three bytes.", destination.length, destOffset));
      } // end if

      byte[] DECODABET = getDecodabet(options);

      // Example: Dk==
      if (source[srcOffset + 2] == EQUALS_SIGN) {
         // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
         //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset    ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
         //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 );
         int outBuff = ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18)
            | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12);

         destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 16);
         return 1;
      }

      // Example: DkL=
      else if (source[srcOffset + 3] == EQUALS_SIGN) {
         // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
         //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
         //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 )
         //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 18 );
         int outBuff = ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18)
            | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12)
            | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 2]] & 0xFF) << 6);

         destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 16);
         destination[destOffset + 1] = (byte) (outBuff >>> 8);
         return 2;
      }

      // Example: DkLE
      else {
         // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
         //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
         //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 )
         //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 18 )
         //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 3 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 24 );
         int outBuff = ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset]] & 0xFF) << 18)
            | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 1]] & 0xFF) << 12)
            | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 2]] & 0xFF) << 6)
            | ((DECODABET[source[srcOffset + 3]] & 0xFF));

         destination[destOffset] = (byte) (outBuff >> 16);
         destination[destOffset + 1] = (byte) (outBuff >> 8);
         destination[destOffset + 2] = (byte) (outBuff);

         return 3;
      }
   } // end decodeToBytes

   /**
    * Low-level access to decoding ASCII characters in the form of a byte array. <strong>Ignores GUNZIP option, if it's set.</strong> This is not generally a
    * recommended method, although it is used internally as part of the decoding process. Special case: if len = 0, an empty array is returned. Still, if you
    * need more speed and reduced memory footprint (and aren't gzipping), consider this method.
    *
    * @param source The Base64 encoded data
    * @return decoded data
    * @since 2.3.1
    */
   public static byte[] decode(byte[] source)
      throws java.io.IOException {

      byte[] decoded = null;
      //        try {
      decoded = decode(source, 0, source.length, Base64.NO_OPTIONS);
      //        } catch( java.io.IOException ex ) {
      //            assert false : "IOExceptions only come from GZipping, which is turned off: " + ex.getMessage();
      //        }
      return decoded;
   }

   /**
    * Low-level access to decoding ASCII characters in the form of a byte array. <strong>Ignores GUNZIP option, if it's set.</strong> This is not generally a
    * recommended method, although it is used internally as part of the decoding process. Special case: if len = 0, an empty array is returned. Still, if you
    * need more speed and reduced memory footprint (and aren't gzipping), consider this method.
    *
    * @param source The Base64 encoded data
    * @param off The offset of where to begin decoding
    * @param len The length of characters to decode
    * @param options Can specify options such as alphabet type to use
    * @return decoded data
    * @throws java.io.IOException If bogus characters exist in source data
    * @since 1.3
    */
   public static byte[] decode(byte[] source, int off, int len, int options)
      throws java.io.IOException {

      // Lots of error checking and exception throwing
      if (source == null) {
         throw new NullPointerException("Cannot decode null source array.");
      } // end if
      if (off < 0 || off + len > source.length) {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format(
               "Source array with length %d cannot have offset of %d and process %d bytes.", source.length, off, len));
      } // end if

      if (len == 0) {
         return new byte[0];
      } else if (len < 4) {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException(
               "Base64-encoded string must have at least four characters, but length specified was " + len);
      } // end if

      byte[] DECODABET = getDecodabet(options);

      int len34 = len * 3 / 4; // Estimate on array size
      byte[] outBuff = new byte[len34]; // Upper limit on size of output
      int outBuffPosn = 0; // Keep track of where we're writing

      byte[] b4 = new byte[4]; // Four byte buffer from source, eliminating white space
      int b4Posn = 0; // Keep track of four byte input buffer
      int i = 0; // Source array counter
      byte sbiDecode = 0; // Special value from DECODABET

      for (i = off; i < off + len; i++) { // Loop through source

         sbiDecode = DECODABET[source[i] & 0xFF];

         // White space, Equals sign, or legit Base64 character
         // Note the values such as -5 and -9 in the
         // DECODABETs at the top of the file.
         if (sbiDecode >= WHITE_SPACE_ENC) {
            if (sbiDecode >= EQUALS_SIGN_ENC) {
               b4[b4Posn++] = source[i]; // Save non-whitespace
               if (b4Posn > 3) { // Time to decode?
                  outBuffPosn += decode4to3(b4, 0, outBuff, outBuffPosn, options);
                  b4Posn = 0;

                  // If that was the equals sign, break out of 'for' loop
                  if (source[i] == EQUALS_SIGN) {
                     break;
                  } // end if: equals sign
               } // end if: quartet built
            } // end if: equals sign or better
         } // end if: white space, equals sign or better
         else {
            // There's a bad input character in the Base64 stream.
            throw new java.io.IOException(String.format(
                  "Bad Base64 input character decimal %d in array position %d", (source[i]) & 0xFF, i));
         } // end else:
      } // each input character

      byte[] out = new byte[outBuffPosn];
      System.arraycopy(outBuff, 0, out, 0, outBuffPosn);
      return out;
   } // end decode

   /**
    * Decodes data from Base64 notation, automatically detecting gzip-compressed data and decompressing it.
    *
    * @param s the string to decode
    * @return the decoded data
    * @throws java.io.IOException If there is a problem
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static byte[] decode(String s) throws java.io.IOException {

      return decode(s, NO_OPTIONS);
   }

   /**
    * Decodes data from Base64 notation, automatically detecting gzip-compressed data and decompressing it.
    *
    * @param s the string to decode
    * @param options encode options such as URL_SAFE
    * @return the decoded data
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @throws NullPointerException if <tt>s</tt> is null
    * @since 1.4
    */
   public static byte[] decode(String s, int options) throws java.io.IOException {

      if (s == null) {
         throw new NullPointerException("Input string was null.");
      } // end if

      byte[] bytes;
      try {
         bytes = s.getBytes(PREFERRED_ENCODING);
      } // end try
      catch (java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException uee) {
         bytes = s.getBytes();
      } // end catch
      //</change>

      // Decode
      bytes = decode(bytes, 0, bytes.length, options);

      // Check to see if it's gzip-compressed
      // GZIP Magic Two-Byte Number: 0x8b1f (35615)
      boolean dontGunzip = (options & DONT_GUNZIP) != 0;
      if ((bytes != null) && (bytes.length >= 4) && (!dontGunzip)) {

         int head = (bytes[0] & 0xff) | ((bytes[1] << 8) & 0xff00);
         if (java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream.GZIP_MAGIC == head) {
            java.io.ByteArrayInputStream bais = null;
            java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream gzis = null;
            java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
            byte[] buffer = new byte[2048];
            int length = 0;

            try {
               baos = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
               bais = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
               gzis = new java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream(bais);

               while ((length = gzis.read(buffer)) >= 0) {
                  baos.write(buffer, 0, length);
               } // end while: reading input

               // No error? Get new bytes.
               bytes = baos.toByteArray();

            } // end try
            catch (java.io.IOException e) {
               logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
               // Just return originally-decoded bytes
            } // end catch
            finally {
               try {
                  baos.close();
               } catch (Exception e) {}
               try {
                  gzis.close();
               } catch (Exception e) {}
               try {
                  bais.close();
               } catch (Exception e) {}
            } // end finally

         } // end if: gzipped
      } // end if: bytes.length >= 2

      return bytes;
   } // end decode

   /**
    * Attempts to decode Base64 data and deserialize a Java Object within. Returns <tt>null</tt> if there was an error.
    *
    * @param encodedObject The Base64 data to decode
    * @return The decoded and deserialized object
    * @throws NullPointerException if encodedObject is null
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is a general error
    * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the decoded object is of a class that cannot be found by the JVM
    * @since 1.5
    */
   public static Object decodeToObject(String encodedObject)
      throws java.io.IOException, java.lang.ClassNotFoundException {

      return decodeToObject(encodedObject, NO_OPTIONS, null);
   }

   /**
    * Attempts to decode Base64 data and deserialize a Java Object within. Returns <tt>null</tt> if there was an error. If <tt>loader</tt> is not null, it will
    * be the class loader used when deserializing.
    *
    * @param encodedObject The Base64 data to decode
    * @param options Various parameters related to decoding
    * @param loader Optional class loader to use in deserializing classes.
    * @return The decoded and deserialized object
    * @throws NullPointerException if encodedObject is null
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is a general error
    * @throws ClassNotFoundException if the decoded object is of a class that cannot be found by the JVM
    * @since 2.3.4
    */
   public static Object decodeToObject(
         String encodedObject, int options, final ClassLoader loader)
      throws java.io.IOException, java.lang.ClassNotFoundException {

      // Decode and gunzip if necessary
      byte[] objBytes = decode(encodedObject, options);

      java.io.ByteArrayInputStream bais = null;
      java.io.ObjectInputStream ois = null;
      Object obj = null;

      try {
         bais = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream(objBytes);

         // If no custom class loader is provided, use Java's builtin OIS.
         if (loader == null) {
            ois = new java.io.ObjectInputStream(bais);
         } // end if: no loader provided

         // Else make a customized object input stream that uses
         // the provided class loader.
         else {
            ois = new java.io.ObjectInputStream(bais) {

               @Override
               public Class<?> resolveClass(java.io.ObjectStreamClass streamClass)
                  throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {

                  Class<?> c = Class.forName(streamClass.getName(), false, loader);
                  if (c == null) {
                     return super.resolveClass(streamClass);
                  } else {
                     return c; // Class loader knows of this class.
                  } // end else: not null
               } // end resolveClass
            }; // end ois
         } // end else: no custom class loader

         obj = ois.readObject();
      } // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e) {
         throw e; // Catch and throw in order to execute finally{}
      } // end catch
      catch (java.lang.ClassNotFoundException e) {
         throw e; // Catch and throw in order to execute finally{}
      } // end catch
      finally {
         try {
            bais.close();
         } catch (Exception e) {}
         try {
            ois.close();
         } catch (Exception e) {}
      } // end finally

      return obj;
   } // end decodeObject

   /**
    * Convenience method for encoding data to a file.
    *
    * <p>
    * As of v 2.3, if there is a error, the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In earlier versions, it just returned false,
    * but in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.
    * </p>
    *
    * @param dataToEncode byte array of data to encode in base64 form
    * @param filename Filename for saving encoded data
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @throws NullPointerException if dataToEncode is null
    * @since 2.1
    */
   public static void encodeToFile(byte[] dataToEncode, String filename)
      throws java.io.IOException {

      if (dataToEncode == null) {
         throw new NullPointerException("Data to encode was null.");
      } // end iff

      Base64.OutputStream bos = null;
      try {
         bos = new Base64.OutputStream(
               new java.io.FileOutputStream(filename), Base64.ENCODE);
         bos.write(dataToEncode);
      } // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e) {
         throw e; // Catch and throw to execute finally{} block
      } // end catch: java.io.IOException
      finally {
         try {
            bos.close();
         } catch (Exception e) {}
      } // end finally

   } // end encodeToFile

   /**
    * Convenience method for decoding data to a file.
    *
    * <p>
    * As of v 2.3, if there is a error, the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In earlier versions, it just returned false,
    * but in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.
    * </p>
    *
    * @param dataToDecode Base64-encoded data as a string
    * @param filename Filename for saving decoded data
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @since 2.1
    */
   public static void decodeToFile(String dataToDecode, String filename)
      throws java.io.IOException {

      Base64.OutputStream bos = null;
      try {
         bos = new Base64.OutputStream(
               new java.io.FileOutputStream(filename), Base64.DECODE);
         bos.write(dataToDecode.getBytes(PREFERRED_ENCODING));
      } // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e) {
         throw e; // Catch and throw to execute finally{} block
      } // end catch: java.io.IOException
      finally {
         try {
            bos.close();
         } catch (Exception e) {}
      } // end finally

   } // end decodeToFile

   /**
    * Convenience method for reading a base64-encoded file and decoding it.
    *
    * <p>
    * As of v 2.3, if there is a error, the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In earlier versions, it just returned false,
    * but in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.
    * </p>
    *
    * @param filename Filename for reading encoded data
    * @return decoded byte array
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @since 2.1
    */
   public static byte[] decodeFromFile(String filename)
      throws java.io.IOException {

      byte[] decodedData = null;
      Base64.InputStream bis = null;
      try {
         // Set up some useful variables
         java.io.File file = new java.io.File(filename);
         byte[] buffer = null;
         int length = 0;
         int numBytes = 0;

         // Check for size of file
         if (file.length() > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
            throw new java.io.IOException("File is too big for this convenience method (" + file.length() + " bytes).");
         } // end if: file too big for int index
         buffer = new byte[(int) file.length()];

         // Open a stream
         bis = new Base64.InputStream(
               new java.io.BufferedInputStream(
                     new java.io.FileInputStream(file)), Base64.DECODE);

         // Read until done
         while ((numBytes = bis.read(buffer, length, 4096)) >= 0) {
            length += numBytes;
         } // end while

         // Save in a variable to return
         decodedData = new byte[length];
         System.arraycopy(buffer, 0, decodedData, 0, length);

      } // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e) {
         throw e; // Catch and release to execute finally{}
      } // end catch: java.io.IOException
      finally {
         try {
            bis.close();
         } catch (Exception e) {}
      } // end finally

      return decodedData;
   } // end decodeFromFile

   /**
    * Convenience method for reading a binary file and base64-encoding it.
    *
    * <p>
    * As of v 2.3, if there is a error, the method will throw an java.io.IOException. <b>This is new to v2.3!</b> In earlier versions, it just returned false,
    * but in retrospect that's a pretty poor way to handle it.
    * </p>
    *
    * @param filename Filename for reading binary data
    * @return base64-encoded string
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @since 2.1
    */
   public static String encodeFromFile(String filename)
      throws java.io.IOException {

      String encodedData = null;
      Base64.InputStream bis = null;
      try {
         // Set up some useful variables
         java.io.File file = new java.io.File(filename);
         byte[] buffer = new byte[Math.max((int) (file.length() * 1.4 + 1), 40)]; // Need max() for math on small files (v2.2.1); Need +1 for a few corner cases (v2.3.5)
         int length = 0;
         int numBytes = 0;

         // Open a stream
         bis = new Base64.InputStream(
               new java.io.BufferedInputStream(
                     new java.io.FileInputStream(file)), Base64.ENCODE);

         // Read until done
         while ((numBytes = bis.read(buffer, length, 4096)) >= 0) {
            length += numBytes;
         } // end while

         // Save in a variable to return
         encodedData = new String(buffer, 0, length, Base64.PREFERRED_ENCODING);

      } // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e) {
         throw e; // Catch and release to execute finally{}
      } // end catch: java.io.IOException
      finally {
         try {
            bis.close();
         } catch (Exception e) {}
      } // end finally

      return encodedData;
   } // end encodeFromFile

   /**
    * Reads <tt>infile</tt> and encodes it to <tt>outfile</tt>.
    *
    * @param infile Input file
    * @param outfile Output file
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @since 2.2
    */
   public static void encodeFileToFile(String infile, String outfile)
      throws java.io.IOException {

      String encoded = Base64.encodeFromFile(infile);
      java.io.OutputStream out = null;
      try {
         out = new java.io.BufferedOutputStream(
               new java.io.FileOutputStream(outfile));
         out.write(encoded.getBytes("US-ASCII")); // Strict, 7-bit output.
      } // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e) {
         throw e; // Catch and release to execute finally{}
      } // end catch
      finally {
         try {
            out.close();
         } catch (Exception ex) {}
      } // end finally
   } // end encodeFileToFile

   /**
    * Reads <tt>infile</tt> and decodes it to <tt>outfile</tt>.
    *
    * @param infile Input file
    * @param outfile Output file
    * @throws java.io.IOException if there is an error
    * @since 2.2
    */
   public static void decodeFileToFile(String infile, String outfile)
      throws java.io.IOException {

      byte[] decoded = Base64.decodeFromFile(infile);
      java.io.OutputStream out = null;
      try {
         out = new java.io.BufferedOutputStream(
               new java.io.FileOutputStream(outfile));
         out.write(decoded);
      } // end try
      catch (java.io.IOException e) {
         throw e; // Catch and release to execute finally{}
      } // end catch
      finally {
         try {
            out.close();
         } catch (Exception ex) {}
      } // end finally
   } // end decodeFileToFile

   /* ******** I N N E R C L A S S I N P U T S T R E A M ******** */

   /**
    * A {@link Base64.InputStream} will read data from another <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt>, given in the constructor, and encode/decode to/from Base64
    * notation on the fly.
    *
    * @see Base64
    * @since 1.3
    */
   public static class InputStream extends java.io.FilterInputStream {

      private boolean encode; // Encoding or decoding
      private int position; // Current position in the buffer
      private byte[] buffer; // Small buffer holding converted data
      private int bufferLength; // Length of buffer (3 or 4)
      private int numSigBytes; // Number of meaningful bytes in the buffer
      private int lineLength;
      private boolean breakLines; // Break lines at less than 80 characters
      private int options; // Record options used to create the stream.
      private byte[] decodabet; // Local copies to avoid extra method calls

      /**
       * Constructs a {@link Base64.InputStream} in DECODE mode.
       *
       * @param in the <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt> from which to read data.
       * @since 1.3
       */
      public InputStream(final java.io.InputStream in) {

         this(in, DECODE);
      } // end constructor

      /**
       * Constructs a {@link Base64.InputStream} in either ENCODE or DECODE mode.
       * <p>
       * Valid options:
       *
       * <pre>
       *   ENCODE or DECODE: Encode or Decode as data is read.
       *   DO_BREAK_LINES: break lines at 76 characters
       *     (only meaningful when encoding)</i>
       * </pre>
       * <p>
       * Example: <code>new Base64.InputStream( in, Base64.DECODE )</code>
       *
       *
       * @param in the <tt>java.io.InputStream</tt> from which to read data.
       * @param options Specified options
       * @see Base64#ENCODE
       * @see Base64#DECODE
       * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
       * @since 2.0
       */
      public InputStream(final java.io.InputStream in, final int options) {

         super(in);
         this.options = options; // Record for later
         this.breakLines = (options & DO_BREAK_LINES) > 0;
         this.encode = (options & ENCODE) > 0;
         this.bufferLength = encode ? 4 : 3;
         this.buffer = new byte[bufferLength];
         this.position = -1;
         this.lineLength = 0;
         this.decodabet = getDecodabet(options);
      } // end constructor

      /**
       * Reads enough of the input stream to convert to/from Base64 and returns the next byte.
       *
       * @return next byte
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public int read() throws java.io.IOException {

         // Do we need to get data?
         if (position < 0) {
            if (encode) {
               byte[] b3 = new byte[3];
               int numBinaryBytes = 0;
               for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                  int b = in.read();

                  // If end of stream, b is -1.
                  if (b >= 0) {
                     b3[i] = (byte) b;
                     numBinaryBytes++;
                  } else {
                     break; // out of for loop
                  } // end else: end of stream

               } // end for: each needed input byte

               if (numBinaryBytes > 0) {
                  encode3to4(b3, 0, numBinaryBytes, buffer, 0, options);
                  position = 0;
                  numSigBytes = 4;
               } // end if: got data
               else {
                  return -1; // Must be end of stream
               } // end else
            } // end if: encoding

            // Else decoding
            else {
               byte[] b4 = new byte[4];
               int i = 0;
               for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
                  // Read four "meaningful" bytes:
                  int b = 0;
                  do {
                     b = in.read();
                  } while (b >= 0 && decodabet[b & 0x7f] <= WHITE_SPACE_ENC);

                  if (b < 0) {
                     break; // Reads a -1 if end of stream
                  } // end if: end of stream

                  b4[i] = (byte) b;
               } // end for: each needed input byte

               if (i == 4) {
                  numSigBytes = decode4to3(b4, 0, buffer, 0, options);
                  position = 0;
               } // end if: got four characters
               else if (i == 0) {
                  return -1;
               } // end else if: also padded correctly
               else {
                  // Must have broken out from above.
                  throw new java.io.IOException("Improperly padded Base64 input.");
               } // end

            } // end else: decode
         } // end else: get data

         // Got data?
         if (position >= 0) {
            // End of relevant data?
            if ( /* !encode && */position >= numSigBytes) {
               return -1;
            } // end if: got data

            if (encode && breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
               lineLength = 0;
               return '\n';
            } // end if
            else {
               lineLength++; // This isn't important when decoding
               // but throwing an extra "if" seems
               // just as wasteful.

               int b = buffer[position++];

               if (position >= bufferLength) {
                  position = -1;
               } // end if: end

               return b & 0xFF; // This is how you "cast" a byte that's
               // intended to be unsigned.
            } // end else
         } // end if: position >= 0

         // Else error
         else {
            throw new java.io.IOException("Error in Base64 code reading stream.");
         } // end else
      } // end read

      /**
       * Calls {@link #read()} repeatedly until the end of stream is reached or <var>len</var> bytes are read. Returns number of bytes read into array or -1
       * if end of stream is encountered.
       *
       * @param dest array to hold values
       * @param off offset for array
       * @param len max number of bytes to read into array
       * @return bytes read into array or -1 if end of stream is encountered.
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public int read(byte[] dest, int off, int len)
         throws java.io.IOException {

         int i;
         int b;
         for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            b = read();

            if (b >= 0) {
               dest[off + i] = (byte) b;
            } else if (i == 0) {
               return -1;
            } else {
               break; // Out of 'for' loop
            } // Out of 'for' loop
         } // end for: each byte read
         return i;
      } // end read

   } // end inner class InputStream

   /* ******** I N N E R C L A S S O U T P U T S T R E A M ******** */

   /**
    * A {@link Base64.OutputStream} will write data to another <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt>, given in the constructor, and encode/decode to/from Base64
    * notation on the fly.
    *
    * @see Base64
    * @since 1.3
    */
   public static class OutputStream extends java.io.FilterOutputStream {

      private boolean encode;
      private int position;
      private byte[] buffer;
      private int bufferLength;
      private int lineLength;
      private boolean breakLines;
      private byte[] b4; // Scratch used in a few places
      private boolean suspendEncoding;
      private int options; // Record for later
      private byte[] decodabet; // Local copies to avoid extra method calls

      /**
       * Constructs a {@link Base64.OutputStream} in ENCODE mode.
       *
       * @param out the <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt> to which data will be written.
       * @since 1.3
       */
      public OutputStream(final java.io.OutputStream out) {

         this(out, ENCODE);
      } // end constructor

      /**
       * Constructs a {@link Base64.OutputStream} in either ENCODE or DECODE mode.
       * <p>
       * Valid options:
       *
       * <pre>
       *   ENCODE or DECODE: Encode or Decode as data is read.
       *   DO_BREAK_LINES: don't break lines at 76 characters
       *     (only meaningful when encoding)</i>
       * </pre>
       * <p>
       * Example: <code>new Base64.OutputStream( out, Base64.ENCODE )</code>
       *
       * @param out the <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt> to which data will be written.
       * @param options Specified options.
       * @see Base64#ENCODE
       * @see Base64#DECODE
       * @see Base64#DO_BREAK_LINES
       * @since 1.3
       */
      public OutputStream(final java.io.OutputStream out, final int options) {

         super(out);
         this.breakLines = (options & DO_BREAK_LINES) != 0;
         this.encode = (options & ENCODE) != 0;
         this.bufferLength = encode ? 3 : 4;
         this.buffer = new byte[bufferLength];
         this.position = 0;
         this.lineLength = 0;
         this.suspendEncoding = false;
         this.b4 = new byte[4];
         this.options = options;
         this.decodabet = getDecodabet(options);
      } // end constructor

      /**
       * Writes the byte to the output stream after converting to/from Base64 notation. When encoding, bytes are buffered three at a time before the output
       * stream actually gets a write() call. When decoding, bytes are buffered four at a time.
       *
       * @param theByte the byte to write
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public void write(int theByte)
         throws java.io.IOException {

         // Encoding suspended?
         if (suspendEncoding) {
            this.out.write(theByte);
            return;
         } // end if: supsended

         // Encode?
         if (encode) {
            buffer[position++] = (byte) theByte;
            if (position >= bufferLength) { // Enough to encode.

               this.out.write(encode3to4(b4, buffer, bufferLength, options));

               lineLength += 4;
               if (breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH) {
                  this.out.write(NEW_LINE);
                  lineLength = 0;
               } // end if: end of line

               position = 0;
            } // end if: enough to output
         } // end if: encoding

         // Else, Decoding
         else {
            // Meaningful Base64 character?
            if (decodabet[theByte & 0x7f] > WHITE_SPACE_ENC) {
               buffer[position++] = (byte) theByte;
               if (position >= bufferLength) { // Enough to output.

                  int len = Base64.decode4to3(buffer, 0, b4, 0, options);
                  out.write(b4, 0, len);
                  position = 0;
               } // end if: enough to output
            } // end if: meaningful base64 character
            else if (decodabet[theByte & 0x7f] != WHITE_SPACE_ENC) {
               throw new java.io.IOException("Invalid character in Base64 data.");
            } // end else: not white space either
         } // end else: decoding
      } // end write

      /**
       * Calls {@link #write(int)} repeatedly until <var>len</var> bytes are written.
       *
       * @param theBytes array from which to read bytes
       * @param off offset for array
       * @param len max number of bytes to read into array
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public void write(byte[] theBytes, int off, int len)
         throws java.io.IOException {

         // Encoding suspended?
         if (suspendEncoding) {
            this.out.write(theBytes, off, len);
            return;
         } // end if: supsended

         for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            write(theBytes[off + i]);
         } // end for: each byte written

      } // end write

      /**
       * Method added by PHIL. [Thanks, PHIL. -Rob] This pads the buffer without closing the stream.
       *
       * @throws java.io.IOException if there's an error.
       */
      public void flushBase64() throws java.io.IOException {

         if (position > 0) {
            if (encode) {
               out.write(encode3to4(b4, buffer, position, options));
               position = 0;
            } // end if: encoding
            else {
               throw new java.io.IOException("Base64 input not properly padded.");
            } // end else: decoding
         } // end if: buffer partially full

      } // end flush

      /**
       * Flushes and closes (I think, in the superclass) the stream.
       *
       * @since 1.3
       */
      @Override
      public void close() throws java.io.IOException {

         // 1. Ensure that pending characters are written
         flushBase64();

         // 2. Actually close the stream
         // Base class both flushes and closes.
         super.close();

         buffer = null;
         out = null;
      } // end close

      /**
       * Suspends encoding of the stream. May be helpful if you need to embed a piece of base64-encoded data in a stream.
       *
       * @throws java.io.IOException if there's an error flushing
       * @since 1.5.1
       */
      public void suspendEncoding() throws java.io.IOException {

         flushBase64();
         this.suspendEncoding = true;
      } // end suspendEncoding

      /**
       * Resumes encoding of the stream. May be helpful if you need to embed a piece of base64-encoded data in a stream.
       *
       * @since 1.5.1
       */
      public void resumeEncoding() {

         this.suspendEncoding = false;
      } // end resumeEncoding

   } // end inner class OutputStream

} // end class Base64
